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มาตรการทางกฎหมายในการคุ้มครองย่านชุมชนประวัติศาสตร์ในประเทศไทย
ตุลญา โรจน์ทังคำ; บรรเจิด สิงคะเนติ (สถาบันบัณฑิตพัฒนบริหารศาสตร์, 2020)
ดุษฎีนิพนธ์นี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อการศึกษาและวิเคราะห์ปัญหาข้อจำกัดของกฎหมายที่
เกี่ยวข้องในการให้ความคุ้มครองย่านชุมชนประวัติศาสตร์ในประเทศไทย ตลอดจนศึกษามาตรการ
ทางกฎหมายของต่างประเทศที่ประสบผลสำเร็จในการให้ความคุ้มครองย่านชุมชนประวัติศาสตร์เพื่อ
นำมาเป็นแนวทางในการกำหนดมาตรการทางกฎหมายเฉพาะในการให้ความคุ้มครองย่านชุมชน
ประวัติศาสตร์ในประเทศไทย
ผลการศึกษาพบว่า ประเทศไทยไม่มีมาตรการทางกฎหมายเฉพาะเพื่อให้ความคุ้มครองย่าน
ชุมชนประวัติศาสตร์ กรณีจึงเป็นการแตกต่างกับต่างประเทศที่มีมาตรการทางกฎหมายเฉพาะใช้
บังคับควบคู่กับกฎหมายการผังเมือง หรือมีกฎหมายผังเมืองกำหนดให้ความคุ้มครองเป็นการเฉพาะ
และเมื่อพิจารณากฎหมายที่เกี่ยวข้องพบว่า มีขอบเขต ข้อจำกัดในการนำมาบังคับใช้เพื่อให้คุ้มครอง
ย่านชุมชนประวัติศาสตร์ ดังนี้ 1) กฎหมายการผังเมืองไม่ได้มีการประกาศกำหนดขอบเขตของพื้นที่
ย่านชุมชนประวัติศาสตร์ รวมถึงการกำหนดผังเมืองรวมเกิดปัญหาซ้อนทับ (Overlay District)
ระหว่างพื้นที่เพื่อการอนุรักษ์และพื้นที่พาณิชยกรรม 2) ปัญหาการไม่ได้กำหนดคำนิยามความเป็น
ย่านชุมชนประวัติศาสตร์เพื่อให้ได้รับความคุ้มครองตามกฎหมาย 3) ปัญหาการบังคับใช้อย่างเข้มงวด
ทำให้เกิดข้อจำกัดสิทธิของเจ้าของหรือผู้ครอบครองทรัพย์สิน 4) ปัญหาความซ้อนทับของหน่วยงานที่
รับผิดชอบ 5) ปัญหาการขาดการมีส่วนร่วมของประชาชน และ 6) ปัญหาการขาดมาตรการสร้าง
แรงจูงใจ ดังนั้น เพื่อแก้ไขปัญหาที่เกิดขึ้นดังกล่าวนี้ผู้เขียนขอเสนอให้ประเทศไทยควรมีมาตรการทาง
ทางกฎหมายอันเป็นกฎหมายเฉพาะในระดับพระราชบัญญัติเพื่อใช้ควบคู่กับกฎหมายการผังเมือง
ดังต่อไปนี้ 1) กำหนดให้ประกาศขอบเขตของพื้นย่านชุมชนประวัติศาสตร์โดยกฎหมายการผังเมือง
ด้วยวิธีการระยะสั้นอาจกำหนดผังเมืองรวมในรูปแบบของข้อบัญญัติท้องถิ่น และในระยะยาวให้
กำหนดขอบเขตของพื้นที่ด้วยผังเมืองเฉพาะในรูปแบบของพระราชบัญญัติ
2) ให้มีการออกกฎหมายเฉพาะเพื่อให้ความคุ้มครองย่านชุมชนประวัติศาสตร์ ภายใต้กรอบ
แนวทาง ดังนี้
(1) กำหนดนิยามความเป็นย่านชุมชนประวัติศาสตร์โดยให้มีลักษณะครอบคลุมตัว
อาคารสิ่งปลูกสร้างและพื้นที่แวดล้อมที่ประกอบขึ้นเป็นย่านชุมชนทั้งหมดนั้น
(2) กำหนดให้มีการจัดแบ่งประเภทของย่านชุมชนประวัติศาสตร์ โดยยึดตัวอาคารหรือ
กลุ่มอาคารเป็นหลักในการพิจารณาเพื่อจำแนก
(3) กำหนดการให้ความคุ้มครองในลักษณะเชิงเข้มงวดแต่ให้มีความยืดหยุ่นไปในตัว
โดยการกำหนดให้เจ้าของหรือผู้ครอบครอง รวมถึงประชาชนเข้ามามีส่วนร่วมกับหน่วยงานภาครัฐ
โดยเปิดโอกาสให้เจ้าของหรือผู้ครอบครองทรัพย์สิน รวมถึงประชาชนมีส่วนร่วมในขั้นตอน
กระบวนการประกาศและขึ้นทะเบียนร่วมกับหน่วยงานท้องถิ่นและนำเสนอเรื่องต่อรัฐมนตรีว่าการ
กระทรวงวัฒนธรรมเพื่อพิจารณาประกาศและขึ้นทะเบียนตามกฎหมาย
(3.1) กรณีการรื้อถอน ซ่อมแซมหรือทำประการใด ๆ อันเป็นการทำลายตัว
อาคารหรือพื้นที่ของความเป็นย่านชุมชนนั้น หากเป็นกรณีเร่งด่วน ควรเปิดช่องทางให้ประชาชนเข้ามี
ส่วนร่วมในการรื้อถอน ซ่อมแซม ฯลฯ และควรกำหนดกรอบระยะเวลาไว้อย่างชัดเจน
(3.2) หน่วยงานที่รับผิดชอบ กำหนดให้กระทรวงวัฒนธรรมเป็นหน่วยงานหลักใน
การทำหน้าที่ในการบริหารจัดการเกี่ยวกับการให้ความคุ้มครองโดยมีคณะกรรมการอนุรักษ์ย่านชุมชน
ประวัติศาสตร์ทำหน้าที่ให้คำแนะนำ คำปรึกษาและให้ความเห็นชอบในการบริหารจัดการย่านชุมชน
ประวัติศาสตร์และในส่วนท้องถิ่นกำหนดให้เป็นหน้าที่ขององค์กรปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่นร่วมกับ
คณะกรรมการชุมชนทำหน้าที่ในการกลั่นกรอง พิจารณาความเป็นย่านชุมชนประวัติศาสตร์ในระดับ
ท้องถิ่นก่อนนำเสนอเรื่องสู่การพิจารณาของหน่วยงานกลางเพื่อให้รัฐมนตรีว่าการกระทรวงวัฒนธรรม
อนุมัติการขึ้นทะเบียนเพื่อให้ความคุ้มครอง
(4) การมีส่วนร่วม ควรเปิดโอกาสให้ประชาชนเข้ามามีส่วนร่วมอย่างแท้จริงในทุก
กระบวนการทุกขั้นตอนของการกำหนดความเป็นย่านชุมชนประวัติศาสตร์ ตลอดจนกระบวนการให้
ความคุ้มครองร่วมกับหน่วยงานท้องถิ่นและหน่วยงานภาครัฐ
(5) ควรกำหนดมาตรการสร้างแรงจูงใจในรูปแบบของมาตรการทางเงิน มาตรการทาง
ภาษี และมาตรการทางสังคมในการยกย่องให้รางวัลเป็นชุมชนต้นแบบ เป็นต้น
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มาตรการทางกฎหมายในการจัดทำและควบคุมการขนส่งมวลชนด้วยรถไฟฟ้าในเมือง
ฐิติชญาน์ คงชู; พัชรวรรณ นุชประยูร (สถาบันบัณฑิตพัฒนบริหารศาสตร์, 2020)
การศึกษาเรื่องนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษามาตรการทางกฎหมายเกี่ยวกับการจัดทำและ
ควบคุมการขนส่งมวลชนด้วยรถไฟฟ้าในเมืองของประเทศไทย โดยมุ่งเน้นศึกษากรณีของรถไฟฟ้า
ในเขตกรุงเทพมหานคร ซึ่งอยู่ภายใต้ความรับผิดชอบของหน่วยงานภาครัฐ 3 หน่วยงาน ได้แก่
1) การรถไฟแห่งประเทศไทย (State Railway of Thailand; SRT), 2) การรถไฟฟ้าขนส่งมวลชนแห่ง
ประเทศไทย (Mass Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand, MRTA) และ 3) กรุงเทพมหานคร
(Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, BMA)
วิธีการศึกษาในครั้งนี้เป็นการศึกษาข้อมูลเชิงคุณภาพ โดยศึกษาข้อมูลจากเอกสารเป็นหลัก
ได้แก่ บทบัญญัติกฎหมายที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการจัดทำและควบคุมการขนส่งมวลชนด้วยรถไฟฟ้าในเมือง
ของประเทศไทยและของต่างประเทศ หนังสือ บทความทางวิชาการ วิทยานิพนธ์งานวิจัย เป็นต้น
โดยผู้วิจัยจะนำข้อมูลเหล่านี้มาทำการวิเคราะห์และสังเคราะห์เพื่อให้ได้แนวทางในการปรับปรุง
และพัฒนากฎหมายที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการจัดทำและการควบคุมการขนส่งมวลชนด้วยรถไฟฟ้าในเมือง
ของประเทศไทย
ผลการศึกษาพบว่า องค์กรที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการขนส่งมวลชนด้วยรถไฟฟ้าในเมืองนั้น
มีการบริหารจัดการและการดำเนินการเดินรถภายใต้กฎหมายที่แตกต่างกัน โครงการรถไฟฟ้าในเขต
เมืองแต่ละโครงการมีการดำเนินงานอย่างอิสระมีความเป็นเอกเทศ เนื่องจากประเทศไทยยังขาด
มาตรการทางกฎหมายที่เกี่ยวกับการจัดทำและควบคุมการขนส่งมวลชนด้วยรถไฟฟ้าในเมือง บาง
องค์กรทำหน้าที่เป็นทั้งผู้ประกอบการและเป็นผู้ควบคุมกำกับกิจการรถไฟฟ้า ทำให้บทบาทหน้าที่ของ
องค์กร ไม่สอดคล้องกับโครงสร้างขององค์กรในการจัดทำบริการสาธารณะ ส่งผลทำให้กลไกในการ
จัดทำบริการสาธารณะด้านขนส่งมวลชนด้วยรถไฟฟ้าเกิดปัญหา 4 ประการ คือ 1) ปัญหากฎหมายด้านการควบคุมการเดินรถไฟฟ้าและอาณัติสัญญาณ 2) ปัญหากฎหมายด้านการควบคุมระบบการ
เชื่อมต่อรางร่วมกัน 3) ปัญหากฎหมายด้านการควบคุมด้านความปลอดภัย และ 4) ปัญหากฎหมาย
ด้านการควบคุมระบบตั๋วโดยสาร
ข้อเสนอแนะ ควรมีการจัดโครงสร้างองค์กรที่เกี่ยวกับการจัดทำบริการสาธารณะด้านขนส่ง
มวลชนด้วยรถไฟฟ้าในเมืองให้มีความสอดคล้องกับบทบาทหน้าที่ขององค์กร โดยลดบทบาทและ
อำนาจของการรถไฟแห่งประเทศไทยและการรถไฟฟ้าขนส่งมวลชนแห่งประเทศไทย ให้เป็นเพียง
ผู้ประกอบการเดินรถไฟฟ้าเท่านั้น เพื่อป้องกันปัญหาการใช้อำนาจตามกฎหมายที่ทับซ้อนกับกรม
ขนส่งทางรางซึ่งมีบทบาทเป็นผู้ควบคุมกำกับกิจการรถไฟฟ้า ทำหน้าที่ในการควบคุมกิจการรถไฟฟ้า
ในเมืองในเรื่องต่าง ๆ เช่น การเดินรถไฟฟ้าและอาณัติสัญญาณ ระบบการเชื่อมต่อรางร่วมกัน ควบคุม
มาตรฐานด้านความปลอดภัย และระบบตั๋วโดยสาร เป็นต้น
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ศึกษาปัจจัยที่มีนัยสำคัญสู่ความสำเร็จของเป้าหมายความเป็นกลางทางคาร์บอนของโรงงานควบคุมที่ปฏิบัติตามระบบการจัดการพลังงาน
ปฏิญญา จีระพรมงคล; ภัคพงศ์ พจนารถ (สถาบันบัณฑิตพัฒนบริหารศาสตร์, 2023)
การศึกษานี้วัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาปัจจัยที่มีนัยสำคัญสู่ความสำเร็จของเป้าหมายความเป็น
กลางทางคาร์บอนของโรงงานควบคุมที่ปฏิบัติตามระบบการจัดการพลังงาน ซึ่งใช้วิธีการสัมภาษณ์
ผู้บริหารและผู้เชี่ยวชาญด้านพลังงานที่มีส่วนเกี่ยวของกับระบบการจัดการพลังงาน การใช้พลังงาน
การปล่อยก๊าซเรือนกระจก และการขับเคลื่อนการอนุรักษ์พลังงาน ทำการเก็บแบบทดสอบและแบบ
ประเมินจากพนักงานของบริษัท รวมถึงนำข้อมูลจากรายงานการจัดการพลังงานมาร่วมพิจารณา
ผลการศึกษาพบว่า แรงผลักดันให้องค์กรต้องดำเนินกิจกรรมลดการ ใช้พลังงานหรือลดการ
ปล่อยคาร์บอนๆ นั้น ล้วนแต่มาจากปัจจัยด้านการใช้ทรัพยากรทั้งสิ้น นั่นคือการใช้พลังงาน เนื่อง
ด้วยปริมาณการใช้พลังงานสัมพันธ์โดยตรงกับปริมาณการปล่อยคาร์บอนฯ อีกทั้งกฎหมายพลังงาน
กำหนดให้เป็นโรงงานควบคมที่ต้องจัดทำระบบการจัดการพลังงาน สรุปได้ว่าปัจจัยสำคัญที่เป็น
ผลสัมฤทธิ์นี้ประกอบด้วย 2 ปัจจัยหลัก คือ ปัจจัยแรกเป็นบุคลากรในองค์กรทั้งหมด (ผู้บริหาร คณะ
ทำงานฯ พนักงานปฏิบัติการ รวมถึงพนักงานช่วง) ที่ต้องร่วมดำเนินการผ่านกิจกรรมการมีส่วนร่วม
(Small Group Activity) โดยผู้บริหารต้องให้การสนับสนุนอย่างต่อเนื่อง และปัจจัยที่สองเป็นระบบ
การจัดการที่ดี (ระบบการจัดการใดก็ได้ที่เหมาะสมกับองค์กร) เพื่อให้เกิดการดำเนินกิจกรรมได้
อย่างต่อเนื่อง โดขอาจนำที่ปรึกษาจากภายนอกมาช่วยเหลือ เช่น กำหนดกรอบแนวทางปฏิบัติ
วิเคราะห์เป้าหมายและแผนกิจกรรมระยะยาว ตรวจพิสูจน์ผล เป็นต้น หากทั้งสองปัจจัยนี้เข้มแข็งจะ
สามารถผลักดันให้องค์กรก้าวสู่เป้าหมายความเป็นกลางทางคาร์บอนได้มากยิ่งขึ้น ทั้งนี้ย่อมมี
อุปสรรค เช่น การสนับสนุนจากภาครัฐ การบังคับใช้กฎหมายที่ไม่เคร่งครัด ปัญหาราคาพลังงาน
ของประเทศ ความไม่ชัดเจนในแผนปฏิบัติการบรรลุเป้าหมายความเป็นกลางทางคาร์บอน เป็นต้น
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Integrated financial communication framework: how interactivity, motivational design and behavioral economics enhance investment intention
Egkachai Angkawanich; Kullatip Satararuji (National Institute of Development Administration, 2020)
The objective of this study is to develop the Integrated Financial
Communication Framework (IFCF). The goal is to promote the knowledge and
understanding necessary to achieve the objectives based on the investment intention of
individual investors. Data was collected from investors, who used the Integrated
Financial Communication System (IFCS), utilizing a questionnaire. The analysis of the
data was conducted using PLS-SEM of the communication model, which is comprised
of interactivity, gamification, learning motivation, information-processing, and risk
aversion impact on investment intention. The second part is a content analysis of benefit
of investing influencing factors that impact investing decision and behavioral bias.
The research findings from the first part of the study indicated that learning
motivation is important to the achievement of the goals of investment intention. This is
followed by gamification and interactivity. It is also found that these two factors have
to be modified to increase the effectiveness of communications. Thus, it is found that
the PLS-SEM among individual investors have different responses to the factors.
The findings from the second part of the study indicated that cognitive errors,
were the group of factors that had the most influence of investment. It is the mediator
between information-processing and risk aversion. This is followed by emotional
biases, which is the mediator between risk aversion and investment intention. It is also found that emotional benefit such as self development created the
perspective of self-fulfillment. This is the most important influence on the investment
action of individual investors. The most influential supporting factor used in the
decision-making is past stock price return.
This study has developed the framework for communications to create
investment intention among individual investors. The strength of the communication
model presents the importance of managing communications through understanding of
Thai investors’ behavior. This allows stock brokers and financial institutions to
develop, improve, and promote financial communication in the stock market targeted
to the individual to fulfill their needs.
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Creating shared value communication for Thai companies
Chanatta Satsue; Kullatip Satararuji (National Institute of Development Administration, 2020)
In the past, business organizations focused only on the highest profitability by
neglecting social and environmental responsibility. However, with the changes in
society, economy, politics, and environment, including innovation and technology, the
organization has to communicate to all stakeholders more about social responsibility
issues as a result. Therefore, this case study qualitative research aimed to study the
process of creating shared value (CSV) and the impact of the shared value
communication process in the context of Thai society. It aimed to use as a conceptual
framework for developing the process of communicating CSV in business
organizations in Thailand. Two large business organizations in Thailand: Bangchak
Corporation Public Company Limited (BCP) and The Siam Cement Public Company
Limited (SCG), were selected as study cases. Ten key informants were purposively
selected from each organization, consisting of three middle-level executives and
fourteen general employees, with a total of twenty. The tools used for data collection
were in-depth interviews and structured group interviews with the observation form
without participation. Data were analyzed and synthesized by the content analysis
method.
The research study results were summarized into two parts, namely the
communication process of creating shared values; it was found that there was a change
according to the context of Thai society in each era. Especially in the present, business
organizations are increasingly focused on communicating information through activities that demonstrate social and environmental responsibility by communicating
that they were using their limited natural resources for maximum efficiency and
minimizing disruption to the world. The communication process is the communication
from the inside out, emphasizing stakeholder participation from personnel within the
organization to trading partners, customers, society, and communities by using
innovation and modern technology to help cover the reach of all sectors. It emphasizes
both formal and informal styles and focuses on communication at all levels: top-down,
bottom-up, and communication at the same level.
As for the impact of the shared value communication process, it was found that
BCP’s organizational value communication process was still unable to convey the
present-day “values” of the organization to employees within the organization in terms
of creating an understanding of responsiveness to clearly responds to change mutually.
This causes employees with different values of view to conflict. Therefore, it is
imperative to re-shape the communication process based on the harmonization of the
collective goals of the organization and the individual goals to enable the company to
deliver the actual value of the organization to its employees sustainably.
On the part of SCG, it was found that the company has implemented a process
of communicating future-oriented shared values and creating innovations since the
beginning, resulting in greater clarity on the delivery of shared values from generation
to generation. Therefore, the approach to developing an organization’s communication
process to create shared value requires consideration of the main factors: social,
economic, environmental, political, and technological factors. Besides, it must include
the participation of stakeholders so that the organization can gain trust from all of them,
leading to satisfaction in using the service and affecting the organization’s
sustainability.
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THE EFFECT OF PRIOR KNOWLEDGE, COGNITIVE STYLES AND SOCIAL NETWORK ON OPPORTUNITY RECOGNITION: THE ROLE OF ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY
Chih-Cheng Fang; Chih-Cheng Fang; National Institute of Development Administration. International College, (National Institute of Development Administration, 7/1/2022)
The objective of this study is to make better sense of individual-level factors in opportunity recognition in the context of China's IT industry. This study seeks to analyze theoretically and empirically how prior knowledge (i.e., customer need knowledge, technological knowledge depth, and technological knowledge breadth), social network (i.e., social network size and social network strength), cognitive styles (i.e., knowing style, planning style, and creating style) and absorptive capacity are related to opportunity recognition. To date, limited research has empirically examined the direct and indirect effects of the above-mentioned variables on opportunity recognition in the context of China's IT industry.
Drawing on human capital theory, social network theory and the view of cognitive psychology, a conceptual model that shows the relationships between these variables is developed. To examine the conceptual model, this study conducts a survey to employees of IT firms located in Beijing, Guangdong, and Jiangsu. With the aid of software SPSS 24.0 and AMOS 24.0, preliminary analysis is conducted to make sure that the proposed measurement model is satisfactory. Bootstrap procedure is used to examine the proposed hypotheses.
The results of this study reveal the positive direct effects of technological knowledge breadth, knowing style, and creating style on opportunity recognition. The positive effect of absorptive capacity on opportunity recognition is also established. This study identifies three mediating mechanisms through which knowing style, planning style, and creating style develop their effects on opportunity recognition. Additionally, the results of this study show that customer need knowledge, technological knowledge depth, social network size, and social network strength do not play important roles in opportunity recognition.
By showing the different effects of the above-mentioned variables on opportunity recognition, this study provides a more fine-grained understanding of individual-level factors in opportunity recognition. The findings of this study shed new light on what individual-level factors are helpful in recognizing opportunities in the context of China's IT industry. This study makes several contributions to the theory of opportunity recognition and provides useful implications for entrepreneurship practice. Finally, this study concludes with its limitations and directions for further research.
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A STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITY PUBLIC CULTURAL SERVICES: QUALITY, MOTIVATION, TRUST AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT
Chih_Cheng Fang; Chih-Cheng Fang; National Institute of Development Administration. International College, (National Institute of Development Administration, 16/8/2024)
Community Culture Service Center (CCSC) is the main grassroots community organization of the Chinese government to provide public cultural services for community residents. However, civic engagement (CE) is insufficient in China. The aim of this research was to explore the internal mechanisms that promote community residents` participation in public cultural service activities from two perspectives which are: the government as provider and the residents as participants. The objectives of this research were: 1)Community Culture Service Center (CCSC) is the main grassroots community organization of the Chinese government to provide public cultural services for community residents. However, civic engagement (CE) is insufficient in China. The aim of this research was to explore the internal mechanisms that promote community residents` participation in public cultural service activities from two perspectives which are: the government as provider and the residents as participants. The objectives of this research were: 1)from the perspective of the government, to evaluate the public cultural service quality of CCSC, and from the perspective of the citizens; 2) to construct a relationship path between public service quality (PSQ) of CCSC and CE in community cultural activities, and use trust in government (TG) as a mediator to understand the function of PSQ and TG in fostering CE in community cultural development; 3) from an individual level, to know the impacts of citizens` public service motivation (PSM) on CE in community cultural activities, and to know the moderating function of TG between PSM and CE. 3) based on the above, the path was tested to build an interactive relationship model of PSQ, PSM, TG, and CE; 4) by exploring the mechanism between the PSQ, PSM, TG, and CE, to understand the importance of each variable for citizens' participation in the development of community public culture, and furthermore, to raise the quality of public cultural services organized by the community, stimulate the PSM of community citizens, and eventually provide theoretical guidance for promoting CE in the development of community public culture.
This study constructed a conceptual model and proposed five hypotheses based on the SERVQUAL model and other theories, such as PSM, social capital, and so on. The data was collected from 403 respondents who lived in rural and urban communities of Chongqing municipality. Five districts were selected, those of which were Yuzhong District, Yubei District, Beibei District, Bishan District, and Wanzhou District through stratified sampling and general random sampling. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was adopted to test the conceptual model.
The research found the following: 1) the service quality of CCSC perceived by community residents is different in dimensions; 2) the PSQ of CCSC has a positive impact on TG and CE; 3) the PSM of community residents has a significant positive correlation with their participation in community cultural activities; 4) residents` PSM does not lead to TG, and the influence of TG in promoting citizens' participation in community public cultural activities is not significant;5) in summary, on the one hand, the development of community public cultural activities requires the government to provide high quality services, and on the other hand, it also needs cultural activities volunteers with high PSM who are willing to contribute to participate.
From the above conclusions,the following were proposed: 1) to highlight the accuracy of public cultural services and vigorously improve the quality of community public cultural services from two aspects of community public cultural infrastructures and cultural service content supply which coincided with the demand of residents; 2) to pay attention to the leading role of the participation of community residents who have high PSM. Specially, the evaluation and stimulation of PSM of community residents under the guide of community culture governance should be focused on.
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KNOWLEDGE SHARING AMONG SME BUYER-SUPPLIER PARTNERS: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL, FIRM SIZE, AND GEOGRAPHICAL PROXIMITY
Anukal Chiralaksanakul; อนุกัลยณ์ จีระลักษณกุล; National Institute of Development Administration. School of Business Administration (National Institute of Development Administration, 7/1/2022)
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the mechanism of social capital development through the inter-relationship between three different dimensions of social capital including structural, relational, and cognitive dimensions, and their impacts on knowledge sharing between small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) buyer-supplier partners. In addition, firm size and geographical proximity between SME buyer-supplier partners are investigated as the moderating role in affecting the relationship between the mechanism of SME social capital development and knowledge sharing. The self-administered questionnaire is applied to collect data from 202 samples of SMEs in Thailand’s food and agro-processing industry. The structural equation modelling (SEM) technique is applied in testing of main research hypotheses, and multiple-group analysis in SEM is conducted to test the moderating impacts of firm size and geographical proximity on the main hypotheses. The results suggest that all social capital dimensions including structural, relational, and cognitive dimensions interrelate one another to develop social capital between SME buyer-supplier partners, and each dimension of social capital has a positive direct impact on knowledge sharing, but through various means. The structural dimension positively influences knowledge sharing directly and indirectly, particularly through relational and cognitive dimensions. In addition, the direct influences of structural, relational, and cognitive dimensions on knowledge sharing are moderated by the size of the SME, whereas the geographical proximity moderates the mechanism of social capital development in the relationships between structural and cognitive dimensions, and between relational and cognitive dimensions. This study mainly contributes to the knowledge-based view, social capital, SME, and geographical cluster literature by examining the social capital development that leads to knowledge sharing across SMEs, and subsequently investigating the moderating impacts of firm size and geographical proximity on the relationship between the social capital development and knowledge sharing. This is in contrast to previous studies that mostly focus on knowledge sharing across large organizations. The results of this study help SME managers better understand how improvement in various aspects of mutual relationships can enhance their knowledge sharing. In the same vein, policymakers may use the results as a guideline when imposing the initiatives to promote knowledge sharing among SME partners, as well as imposing the geographical cluster policy in the emerging economy in a more effective manner.
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THE INFLUENCE OF WELL-BEING ON THE WORK POTENTIAL AMONG THE ELDERLY AT VOCATIONAL TRAINING CENTERS IN BANGKOK METROPOLIS
Kasemsarn Chotchakornpant; เกษมศานต์ โชติชาครพันธุ์; National Institute of Development Administration. School of Public Administration (National Institute of Development Administration, 18/8/2023)
The objectives of this research were 1) to investigate the contributing factors affecting the elderly’s work efficiency in Vocational Training Center, Bangkok, and 2) to propose the suggestions to improve the elderly’s work efficiency in Vocational Training Center, Bangkok. It was a quantitative research study using a questionnaire to collect data from a sample, namely individuals aged 60 and above who had received vocational training at the Vocational Training Center, Bangkok, from January to June 2023. The data collection was performed using convenience sampling, and samples were collected from a voluntary selection of participants, which were members who voluntarily participated as sample units. A total of 440 people participated. The data was analyzed by Descriptive Statistics using Frequency, Percentage, Means and Standard Deviation, presented on table and descriptive interpretation. The inferential statistical analysis was performed using Multiple Regression Analysis.
The research result showed that 1) The factors of well-being had a positive influence on the potential in terms of knowledge, skills, and abilities of the elderly in the Bangkok. These included two influential variables, ranked from most to least influential including environmental conditions and health and hygiene. In contrast, behavior was the only aspect that consisted of three influential variables, ranked from most to least influential including environmental conditions, health and hygiene, and lastly, the family aspect. 2) The government should seriously allocate resources, welfare, and actively promote physical and mental health. There should be efforts to raise awareness about the value and potential of the elderly, including supporting revolving capital sources and providing community-based care for the elderly. All of this should be widespread and consistent to develop the working potential of the elderly in Bangkok.
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The communication of people with physical disability's identity via news websites in Thailand
Prang Tharawanich; Kullatip Satararuji (National Institute of Development Administration, 2020)
News is commonly known to communicate facts. It is also used as a reference
to represent reality in society. In the past, news communicating about people with
physical disabilities was constructed to create negative values and meaning. The myth
of inability judged people with physical disabilities as worthless. When the media
landscape changes to online media, it opens the space for anyone to hold media
ownership. It also allows people with physical disabilities to possess a space to
communicate their identities with their own insider perspectives.
The study titled, “The Communication of People with Physical Disability’s
Identity via the News Websites in Thailand” is a qualitative research based on the
identity concept of cultural studies. The first objective is to study people with physical
disabilities’ identity through the news headlines and news pictures on a news website
of organizations that are members of the News Broadcasting Council of Thailand. The
second objective is to study the identity of people with physical disabilities in news
headlines and news images on a news website of the organization founded by people
with physical disabilities. The third objective is to study the relationship between the
identity of people with physical disabilities on both websites.
This study uses the critical discourse framework of Foucault and Fairclough to
analyze the news websites topic discourse using language strategies. The analysis of
the news pictures utilized the Pei Soo Ang disability discourse analysis framework to
assess the dimension of social perception of the identity of people with physical disabilities. The study explored characteristics that have changed from the past. In
addition, the research investigated the perceived value and meaning that society has
regarding people with a physical disability and identified knowledge and power
dominance. The websites selected for the study included the Thairath Online and
Thisable news websites. Thairath Online is a news website with membership in the
News Broadcasting Council of Thailand and Thisable news website founded by a
person with a physical disability.
The results found that people with physical disabilities in the Thairath Online
website are powerless and cannot determine their own identities. The medical, state,
economics, and religion are institutions with authority to use knowledge set to define
the people with physical disabilities identity and reproduced it in the media. Although
identification may appear positively in some cases, it still has a negative implication
wherein people with physical disabilities identities are “physically different from
general people,” “not the same group as general people,” “pitiful,” but have “ability”
in some cases.
The research also found that people with physical disabilities in Thisable news
website have the power to identify their own identity. However, their identity remains
dominated by various institutions in society. Therefore, they choose to adopt some
original identities, bargain with a positive perspective, and reject some identity. People
with physical disabilities agreed that their identity is “physically different from general
people,” “not the same group as general people,” “not pitiful,” and have “ability.”
In conclusion, the institution’s power determined the identity of people with
physical disabilities in Thai society. Simultaneously, while being oppressive, people
with physical disabilities choose to adopt some given identity, negotiate, and construct
other aspects of their own identity. As a result, the identity relationship, which appears
to be consistently on both websites is that people with physical disabilities are
“physically different,” “not the same group as general,” and have “ability.” The
different areas are pitiful, which appeared in the Thairath Online news website that
people with physical disabilities are “pitiful.” Still, Thisable news website rejects the
identity and determines that they are “not pitiful.”
The news presentation of people with physical disabilities in Thai media is often
released without full understanding their identity. This happens because the media used an outsider’s perspective standpoint. As a result, the media may become a significant obstacle in the pursuit of an “Inclusive Society” where everyone can live and conduct
social activities equally with dignity and without discrimination. The recommendations
from this research to agencies related to media policy must raise awareness and
encourage all forms of “media” to access counseling from people with physical
disabilities. They should seek information and communication about disabilities from
an insider’s standpoint to communicate using language and images in the news with
respect to human rights.
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Lifestyles and key factors affecting the adaptation of foreign muslim students in Thailand
Yaowanuch Sawhasun; Patchanee Cheyjunya (National Institute of Development Administration, 2020)
The research is aimed 1) to study the lifestyles of foreign Muslim students in
Thailand 2) to explore foreign Muslim students’ living and intercultural communication
problems in Thailand, and 3) to investigate the differences and relationship between the
related factors and the level of foreign Muslim students’ adaptability in Thailand.
The study is multi-methodology research, conducted by both quantitative and
qualitative research. Survey questionnaires were collected from 286 foreign Muslim
students. For qualitative research, an in-depth interview with foreign Muslim students,
Thai friends, an instructor, and international students' advisor, a total of twelve samples,
combined with the non-participant observation, and analyzed by descriptive and
inferential statistics. Besides, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was
used and analyzed by t-test and ANOVA, including multiple regression analysis for
predicting factors related to the level of foreign Muslim students’ adaptability in
Thailand at the .05 statistical significance level. From the study, it was found that
1) Foreign Muslim students had sport and outdoor orientation lifestyle
the most, followed by a cultural-orientation lifestyle.
2) Foreign Muslim students had low Thai language proficiency in
every skill; thus, this caused their general living in Thailand. They specified the
problem in the cognitive domain or the Thai language’s understanding the most as they
could not communicate with local people outside the universities, not understand Thai
signs, etc. Besides, insufficient Halal food and the inconvenience of finding it, including no provided places in the universities for their religious practices, were other
main problems. No problem was found in the affective domain due to their motivation
to study in Thailand, their positive attitude towards Thailand, Thai people, and Thai
educational systems, including the low cost of living. They found no behavioral
problems either. However, they expected to get free courses in the Thai language, but
most universities did not arrange for them and discouraged them from learning Thai.
3) From the statistical analysis, foreign Muslim students' lifestyle
patterns were found to positively correlate with the level of their adaptability, especially
the cultural-orientation lifestyle. Foreign Muslim students had the overall adaptability
at a high level. Personal factors and their predispositions, including their Thai language
skills, were positively correlated at the .05 statistical significance level. From the
multiple regression analysis of seven variables: communication, media exposure,
religious influence, host culture environment, intercultural communication
competence, lifestyle patterns, and Thai language skills, are found to predict the level
of foreign Muslim students' adaptability 37%. Host culture environment, lifestyle
patterns, and intercultural communication competence are found to be the most
predictive factors. Intercultural communication competence in three domains:
cognitive, affective, and behavioral, can predict the level of adaptability 20%, and
competence in the affective domain is the most predictive factor. All seven patterns of
lifestyle: cultural, social, entertainment, home and family, and sport and outdoor
orientation, can predict the level of adaptability 18%and the cultural-orientation
lifestyle is the most predictive factor.
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Effectiveness of emergency medical services networks
Chatchanok Karnasuta; Tippawan Lorsuwannarat (National Institute of Development Administration, 2020)
This study is a network of emergency medical services outside of
hospitals in the three provinces of Khon Kaen, Nonthaburi, Ubon Ratchathani and Sa
Kaeo provinces that has three objectives: 1) to study the operational processes of the
network organization in Emergency Medical Services, 2) to study the effectiveness of
the network organization in Emergency Medical Services, and 3) to present the
models of the network organization in Emergency Medical Services right with
Thailand that operated by Qualitative Research Methodology, In-Depth Interview,
Focus Group Discussion, Non-Participant Observation and Document Analysis.
Khon Kaen provincial's Emergency Medical Service began with team and
organization network building by a physician team in Khon Kaen hospital to develop
an emergency referral system. They were supported by the International Cooperation
Organization and the local administrative organization to join in the establishment of
paramedics. That was the beginning of the systematic emergency medical services in
Thailand and helped push forward the law to support the emergency medical system.
After that, When the incident and disaster plan was later included in the National
Economic and Social Development Plan, provincial medical centres and general
hospitals started to establish paramedic units; and the local administrative
organization started to participate by endorsement to establish district paramedic
units. Ubon Ratchathani province began to establish an emergency response and
command call centre in the Provincial Health Office. Nonthaburi and Sa Kaeo
provinces established emergency response and command call centres at Phranangklao
Hospital and Sa Kaeo Crown Prince Hospital. In addition, Ubon Ratchathani and Sa
Kaeo province decentralized the management of emergency response and command
call centres to perform outside of hospitals to the local administrative organization. The network building of emergency medical service was successful in Khon Kaen,
Ubon Ratchathani, and Sa Kaeo province carried out by unity of purposes of
leadership initiatives: to save people in emergencies through emergency medical
services outside of hospitals. For this reason, emergency medical networks were
established by building relationships and trust with other organizations to persuade to
apply existing potential and resource in each organization to the establishment of
emergency medical services to people. However, Nonthaburi provincial administrator
has not contacted yet agreed to conjointly participate in establishing emergency
medical service networks in the area yet.
The Khon Kaen provincial network administration of Emergency Medical
Service was the most effective due to sufficiently building and expanding the number
of network members to cover the entire province area, resulting in the performances
can be accessed to emergency patients in time. Whereas the Nonthaburi provincial
network administration of Emergency Medical Service was the least effective due to
an insufficient number of network members, there were no equipment and tools
enough to communicate. Sa Kaeo and Ubon Ratchathani provinces affect
communicating with people. Local administrative organizations can disseminate the
knowledge and understanding to people to decide to call for emergency medical
services through appropriate channels.
Suggestion: the government should earnestly hasten to transfer the public
health missions to the LAO, EMC should provide an understanding of the legitimacy
for the performances of emergency medical services outside of hospitals to the LAO;
transfer their missions to the Provincial Public Health Office in each region to
represent; provide the cooperation with civil society to organize the standardized of
emergency medical services; should integrate the emergency medical management of
all organizations in the network; including the integration to combine all types of
emergency numbers into a number for the convenience of the users' recognition.
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A study of the status and role of community organizations in common-pool resource management in terms of public lands
Kittikan Saengngam; Udom Tumkosit (National Institute of Development Administration, 2020)
This dissertation is aimed at studying the status and roles of community
organizations to manage common-pool resources or public lands. It is a qualitative
research based on data collection, which comprises relevant documentary research
along with case studies, field research, in-depth interviews and observations.
This study is divided into two parts. Part 1 involves a study of the overall
concept of common-pool resource management in terms of public lands in Thailand
based on documentary research, which includes documents, policies, laws and
relevant research. Part 2 involves field research using the case studies of eight areas,
comprised of two groups – Group 1 consists of six communities that efficiently
manage public lands through community organizations, namely 1) Nam Phang, Nan
Province, 2) Ariyothai Samakkhi, Uthai Thani Province, 3) Ban Lao Nuea, Phrae
Province, 4) Ban Don Mu, Ubon Ratchathani Province, 5) Chamaep Phatthana,
Ayutthaya Province, and 6) Chao Pho Sombun Shrine 54, Bangkok. These
communities were used for the study and analysis of the role that community
organizations play in common-pool resource management on public lands, as well as
the factors that enable communities and community organizations to be strong and
capable of managing public lands. Group 2 - Communities that have disputes over
public lands. The dispute partners include “communities that are close to public
lands” and “the public or private sector, where the State grants the right to use public
lands”. This group is used to analyze loopholes in public land management in two areas: Wa Chong Kho, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, and Huai Mek public lands,
Khon Kaen Province.
The results of the study reveal that most community organizations that play a
role in managing common-pool resources are villagers’ organizations set up by
community leaders. Later, they are developed as official organizations and upgraded
to community forest committees, land committees or are developed from saving
groups to cooperatives. In one community, there may be more than one community
organization to manage the common-pool resources of its public lands. Functions are
assigned in accordance with each group’s specific ability, but they work together.
Based on the case studies, it is evident that each community organization has
the same role in managing common-pool resources: 1) drafting regulations to control
the use of resources, 2) carrying out resource prevention and maintenance activities,
such as forest fire prevention patrols, forest fire buffers and afforestation to enhance
fertility, 3) formulating resource management plans and submitting them to the public
and private agencies concerned to tender requests for support and the budget, 4)
developing community knowledge so that members can efficiently manage resources,
and 5) building a network for managing common-pool resources in collaboration with
other community organizations in other areas.
The factors that strengthen community organizations’ ability to efficiently
manage common-pool resources or public lands are comprised of, first - leadership of
community organizations. Most leaders or group leaders are respected in the
community, as they are official leaders, e.g., village heads, village committee and
situational leaders as pioneers or core leaders for solving public land issues in
communities, such as forest conservation groups or farmland allocation demanding
groups. Key qualifications of leaders include having a sense of joint ownership, to
create willing cooperation in preserving community common-pool resources. The
second factor involves clear rules concerning the use of common-pool resources.
Regulations and penalties are clearly defined. Norms are of great importance for
controlling the use of resources, e.g. issuing rules prohibiting the utilizing of
resources in community graveyards, which have been abided by from generation to
generation. This is more effective than imposing penalties and collecting fines. The
third factor involves mechanisms for reducing the factors that promote encroachment and protections against the over-use of resources beyond the defined rules. For
example, cooperative groups generate income for community people. If they have
sufficient incomes they can reduce their use of resources, regardless of future damage.
As a result, those resources are sustainable.
As for recommendations regarding the review of laws relating to public land
management, in order to enable communities to take part in practically managing
public lands, the researcher suggests the following: 1) laws, especially pertaining to
community rights, should be issued by pushing for a Community Rights Act, 2) all
laws pertaining to forests and national parks should be revised, to be consistent with
the constitution, 3) laws on public lands should be amended so that they do not
contradict each other, and 4) the possibility of adding measures or sections in the
Land Code on rights and ownership on community lands should be studied so that
land rights documents can be issued in the form of community rights documents or
title deeds.
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Factors affecting stroke mortality in Thailand
Pimchanok Puthkhao; Duanpen Theerawanviwat (National Institute of Development Administration, 2020)
This dissertation aimed to compare the socioeconomic and health-related
characteristics of stroke and non-stroke deaths and to determine the factors affecting
stroke mortality, with non-stroke death considered as a competing risk. Secondary
data with a 10-12 years follow-up period from the Thai Epidemiologic Stroke (TES)
Study were used.
The Thai Epidemiologic Stroke (TES) Study is a prospective community-based
cohort study that recruited participants from the general population from five Thai
regions. Between 2004 and 2006, 19,620 participants aged 45-80 years, free of stroke,
participated in the baseline survey. The participants were followed up for mortality
from the survey date until the date of death or the end of follow-up of December 31,
2016, whichever came firsts. During a median follow-up time of 11.08 years (202,803
person-years at risk), 305 participants died of a stroke (1.55% of total participants and
accounted for 8.76% of total deaths), and 3,176 participants died of non-stroke cause
(16.19% of total participants and 91.24% of total deaths). Stroke mortality was
150.39/100,000 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 134.43-168.25/100,000) personyears, and the non-stroke mortality was 1,566.05/100,000 (95% CI, 1,512.52- 1,621.47/100,000) person-years.
Multivariate cause-specific Cox regression and Fine-Gray competing risk
regression analyses were used to identify the factors affecting stroke mortality, with
non-stroke mortality considered as a competing event. Cause-specific hazard ratios
(HR) and the Subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) with their 95% confidence intervals
(CI) were used to illustrate the associations.
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Ontology-based knowledge discovery and exploring technology influencers from patent data
Pranomkorn Ampornphan; Sutep Tongngam (National Institute of Development Administration, 2020)
A patent is an important document issued by the government to protect
inventions or product design. Inventions consist of mechanical structures, production
processes, quality improvements of products, and so on. Generally, goods or appliances
in everyday life are a result of an invention or product design that has been published
in patent documents. A new invention contributes to the standard of living, improves
productivity and quality, reduces production costs for industry, or delivers products
with higher added value. Patent documents are considered to be excellent sources of
knowledge in a particular field of technology, leading to inventions. Technology trend
forecasting from patent documents depends on the subjective experience of experts.
However, accumulated patent documents consist of a huge amount of text data, making
it more difficult for those experts to gain knowledge precisely and promptly. Therefore,
technology trend forecasting using objective methods is more feasible.
There are many statistical methods applied to the patent analysis, for example,
to technology overview, investment volume, and the technology life cycle. There are
also data analytic methods by which patent documents can be classified, such as by
technical characteristics, to support business decision-making as well as a taxonomy of
concepts for knowledge representation by developing an ontology-based semantic
search.
The main contributions of this study were to extract knowledge from a patent
relational database into two approaches; 1) Develop an ontology-based from patent data to provide an effective search for technological concepts, and 2) Explore technology
influencers from patents using data analytics. We experimented with our techniques on
data retrieved from the European Patent Office (EPO) website.
In the first approach, the patent data was defined as terms, concepts, classes,
and properties to create a patent ontology. A patent ontology consisted of the relations
of each concept that were represented as an ontology map. Next, a patent database was
created to integrate with the ontology map to develop an ontology-based application.
The result from this stage was an ontology-based that facilitates as a recommender
system.
The second approach related to exploring technology influencers from patent
data. The technique includes K-means clustering, text mining, and association rule
mining methods. The patent data being analyzed by which the association rule mining
was applied to find associative relationships among patent data, then combined with
social network analysis (SNA) to further analyze technology trends. SNA provided
metric measurements to explore the most influential technology as well as visualize
data in various network layouts.
This study demonstrated 2 approaches for knowledge discovery from patent
data by which; 1) the expected output from the ontology-based will be used to support
information searching for more relevant and precise information, and 2) the resultsfrom
data analytics showed emerging technology clusters, their meaningful patterns, and a
network structure, and suggested information for the development of technologies and
inventions.
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Ant colony system with Thailand green travelling problem
Punyapas Chawaratthanarungsri; Sutep Tongngam (National Institute of Development Administration, 2020)
Most industries focus on how to get the benefits from processing and transmitting even in tourism industry. Technology has been used to meet the need of travelers in order to access more information such as flight, route, hotel, transportation and others by themselves. There are some techniques of computer science that solve about travelling problem such as Artificial Intelligence and Animal stimulation is used such as ant behavior etc. Thus, this research proposes how to apply Ant Colony Optimization with travelling problem. As the result, Brute force was taken into consideration to compare the capabilities of The Ant Colony System. The results obtained from Ant Colony System have some routes equal to the shortest distance of Brutes Force, but some Brute Force routes have shortest distances. When looking at the
performance of algorithm, the processing time to generate all possible paths of the Brute Force takes more time than Ant Colony System. The efficiency of the Brute Force algorithm is O(N2)(Christian and Thierry) while Any Colony System Only O(m logm)(Walter,). Using Ant Colony System by adding other conditions such as changing vehicles at each tourist attraction to complete the planning. It can be further expanded into a system of advice tourist for tourist recommended plan.
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The performance management factors affecting on employee's perceived fairness in power generation industry in Thailand
Panita Sastrawaha; Chiraprapha Akaraborworn (National Institute of Development Administration, 2021)
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among performance
management, relationship with supervisor, organizational culture, and employee’s
perceived fairness in order to develop employees’ perceived fairness model in power
producer in Thailand.
Quantitative method was conducted based on 604 samples from four power
producers in private sector and one state-enterprise power producer in Thailand.
Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis was used to analyze the data gathered
using the SPSS and AMOS program to assess what factors influence employee’s
perceived fairness and how well the proposed model can be used to explain this
phenomenon. The results revealed that performance management practices and
organizational culture have a positive direct effect on employee’s perceived fairness,
while relationship with supervisor has an insignificant effect on employees’ perceived
fairness.
The results of structural equation modeling using maximum likelihood revealed
that according to a variety of fit indices, the proposed model confirmed both absolute
fitness and incremental fitness. The value of χ2 = 315.958 df = 76 with p = 0.001, GFI
= 0.938, RMSEA = 0.072, AGFI = 0.902, CFI = 0.971 and NFI = 0.962 indicate that
all fit indices passed the cut-off values.According to the research results, it is suggested that to enhance employee’s
perceived fairness, performance management practices and organizational culture
should be integrated designed and implemented. Both performance management
practices and organizational culture should be continuously assessed and adjusted to
ensure an alignment of the two with organization’s directions and critical success
factors, organization’s characteristics, organization’s visions, values, strategies, and its
members.
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Mechanisms of resilient organizations: an explanatory case study of the family business in Thailand
Chayanoot Pungcharoenpong; Sombat Kusumavalee (National Institute of Development Administration, 2020)
The main objective of this study was to advance the knowledge explaining why
organizations are resilient by following Swanson and Chermack’s (2013) theory
development in applied disciplines. The study covered only three phases: The
conceptualization phase, the operationalization phase, and the confirmation phase.
Based on the conceptualization and operationalization phase, nine propositions were
identified before data collection based on literature review that explains the concept of
resilient organization, such as a successful outcome of crisis management, positive
organizational adjustment, and adaptability. Qualitative research design was employed
in this study. In this regard, Yin’s (2014) explanatory case study and pattern matching
method was employed in order to confirm the propositions and advance the knowledge
explaining why organizations are resilient. The context of family business in Thailand
was used as the context of study because of two reasons: a) family business has a stake
in the Thai economy (Suehiro, 1997); and b) family business was consistently found
that it is more resilient than other types of business, and it demonstrates stronger
resilience despite an economic crisis (Amann & Jaussaud, 2012; Chrisman et al., 2011;
Gupta & Levenburg, 2010; Kachaner et al., 2012; van Essen et al., 2015).The findings were based on the fifteen individual cases of organizations, that
showed a resilient pattern and were family businesses in Thailand. According to the
cross-case analysis, resilient organizations were created by factors occurred in three
time periods. They are 1) before the crisis; 2) being aware of the crisis; and 3) managing
the crisis that occurred. This applied to all types of resilient organizations (i.e. recovery
resilience; resistant resilience; transformation resilience). Many cases consistently
demonstrated that the period before the crisis was a substantial period as it buffered the
consequences of crisis and supported the organizations after their crisis.
The evidence from the cross-case analysis, in addition, suggested that the
organizations in the period before the crisis emphasized on manpower strategies (i.e.
building affective feelings and relationships among people in the organizations;
developing tonic virtuousness) and management strategies (i.e. strengthening internal
organizational operations; knowledge acquisition and past experience). In the face of a
crisis, the organizations responded to the crisis by focusing on monetary strategies (i.e.
financial saving; low cost operation; handling financial problems), manpower strategies
(i.e. staff collaboration; organizational commitment; phasic virtuousness; leadership;
attention to and assistance for staff affected by the crisis), management strategies (i.e.
property loss mitigation; communication; organizational support; systems
improvement; diversified business). Despite the organizational actions before the crisis
and in the face of the crisis, resilient organizations also showed mindfulness/being
aware of crisis. This was a crucial factor that prompted the organizations to be ready to
cope with the crisis.
With respect to the discussion of the cross-case findings, many theoretical
propositions were confirmed and further indicated a degree of transferability. The
analysis showed a degree of transferability of these factors. They are organizational
mitigation in the face of a crisis, an appropriate business model generation, sufficiency
thinking, tonic and phasic virtuousness, financial reserve, attention to a context, and
human resources. The analysis also introduced new findings of this study, which were
specifically related to the context of the family business in Thailand. They include the
three period factors contributing to resilience development, sufficiency thinking, roles
of leaders, organizational support, attention of executives given to their employees,
knowledge and past experience, staff collaboration, organizational commitment, communication, virtuousness, quality of products and services, diversified business, and financial handling.
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Unraveling discursive construction of Thai fandom : An analysis of Thai fans culture and identity in an online communication
Pitchapa Smutradontri; Savitri Gadavanij (National Institute of Development Administration, 2020)
In this digital era, fandom has become a social and cultural phenomenon,
especially in Thailand. This study aims to explore Thai fan culture and identities from
different online platforms. The three topics of fan culture, namely fan production, fan
community, and level of fandom and hierarchy were explored in detail using mixed
methods of textual analysis and questionnaire. These three topics were also discussed
together as essential parts of fans’ identity construction. Bucholtz and Hall’s
sociocultural linguistics approach and semiotic analysis were used as analytical
frameworks, looking at how fans used language to construct their identity in Thai
context. The first research question reveals how fans use fan texts to express their affection
and feel connected to their object of fandom. The second research question suggests
themes of fan interaction within fan online communities. The third research question
presents the characteristics of the five level of fandom, namely mere consumer, casual
fan, big fan, true fan, and super fan. The fourth research question suggests that fan
identity could be constructed mainly two ways. First is fans as a collective group, in
which they shared some common fan engagements and special lexicons of fan talk with
one another. Second is a fan as one’s own identity, suggesting that fan identity could
bring about other identities and that it is transcultural.
In addition, the dissertation proposes that a media fan, in Thai context, is mainly a
person who feels emotionally connected or attached to particular media object(s). This
positive connection ranges from a strong interest in the media object to deep attachment.
It also discusses the close connection between fan discourse and online media discourse,
how online fan community resembles an imagined community, and why the cause of
active consumption is mostly due to the ‘affection’ factor and fans’ pleasure satisfaction more than a resistance to mainstream media or patriarchal society. Moreover, it discusses the transcultural aspects of fan identities and fans’ production of fan texts and
conversations.
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Antecdent factors for collective leadership development in social enterprises management : case studies of Thai social enterprises
Tharinee Suratpipit; Chartchai Na Chiangmai (National Institute of Development Administration, 2020)
A rapid change in today’s world of volatility, uncertainty, complexity and
ambiguity (VUCA) has urged the leaders to operate in the form of collective leadership.
As a result, many organizations are shifting from traditional leadership roles of formal
leaders or teams of individuals onto other team members depending on the expertise
required. However, not many organizations have become successful in achieving
leadership transformation as traditional view of leadership focusing on single person
role as leader has been rooted in leadership study for a long time. Thus, the current
study provides a broad understanding of the antecedent factors that foster collective
leadership development in social enterprises management in Thai social enterprises in
various industries. A multi-level study at the group and organizational level is provided
in order to gain deeper understanding of the phenomenon. Additionally, as human
resources play a significant role in facilitating leadership development in the firms,
various interventions on organizational development are suggested in the study.
In addition, this study deployed the inductive approach using qualitative case
studies. Data collection were collected through the interviews with 17 participants in 3
companies based on purposive sampling technique. All 3 companies have been awarded
by The Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) for outstanding performance in driving their
business toward sustainability (Sustainability Awards) and listed companies who have
their resources both financially and non-financially to support social enterprises (Social Enterprise Investment Award) in 2015. Multiple methods of data collection including
interviews, document analysis, survey and participant observation are used along with
five stages thematic analysis process to analyze the data.
Findings of the study suggested variety of insights. First the concept of
collective leadership was described following 5 themes: 1) network of expertise; 2)
unwavering process improvement; and 3) mission to achieve unifying goals. Second,
the antecedent factors for collective leadership development were explored. There were
4 themes identified to have positive impact to collective leadership development: 1)
leadership capability; 2) collaborative network; 3) culture of shred leadership; and 4)
collective learning. Third, there were also additional factors that were found to
accelerate collective leadership development. Those factors were described into 4
themes according to the following: 1) leadership empowerment; 2) climate for change;
3) continuous learning; and 4) coaching and mentoring system. Finally, a systematic
management of business value creation model was proposed.
The implications for scholar include the utilization of mixed methods and data
triangulation, which enables the richness and quality of the research. Expanding
research study to other industry and recruiting more participants from different setting
could enrich research results and be able to generalize to wider audiences.
The implications for practice include the application of findings as HR
interventions in order to facilitate collective leadership development in organizations
who have interest for social enterprise management. The interventions suggested in this
study consisted of the following: selection and staffing; performance management
system; training and development; and organization development.
Key limitations in this study included the fact that qualitative approach using
interview, document analysis, survey and fiend observation was the major method used
for this study, limitation regarding language used in the study, and the small number of
participants, which limited the study in terms of ability to generalize findings beyond
the sample groups and industries coverage.