GSPA: Dissertations

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The role of structural and relational governance in developing a successful exchange relationship between buyer and supplier: A case study of the construction industry in Nepal
Dewan, Ashish; Chandra-Nuj Mahakanjana (National Institute of Development Administration, 2023)
Integrating Resource Dependency Theory (RDT), Transaction Cost Economy (TCE), and Social Embeddedness Theory (SET) perspectives, this paper conceptualizes the construction companies and material suppliers alliance model from inception to performance, by conceptualizing the adaptability of structural and relational governance and role on implementing successful exchange dyad between two firms and explores the relationship between perceived dependency, structural and relational governance, resources exchange, and buyer’s satisfaction The objectives of the study include: 1) to develop a model explaining the role of structural and relational governance in generating trust, and the antecedent factors such as perceived dependency that result in a successful buyer-supplier exchange dyad in the construction industry in Nepal, and 2) to test a model that integrates three different perspectives: the resource dependency perspective (RDT), the transaction cost economy (TCE), and the social embeddedness theory (SET), to show the formation of the successful exchange relationship of the construction companies and the material suppliers and the role of structural and relational governance in generating trust between construction companies and a material suppliers. Using survey data gathered from 175 alliance construction companies and material suppliers in Nepal, the statistical result revealed that the proposed model has significant mediating effects contributing to successful exchange performance. Based on the causal path model, structural and relational governance are the key enablers of exchange performance. These findings, however, reveal that perceived dependency is only an antecedent factor and has only an indirect effect on the exchange of information. It appears plausible that mere dependency between parties may not lead to an exchange of information, which requires constant interaction between parties, which would lead to ease of communication and trust between parties. These empirical observations question whether the hybrid form of governance like an exchange relationship can achieve extensive information exchange if the dyad exchange was driven by merely price and contractual governance. Instead, it suggests that exchange relationships are socially embedded and that all the economic exchanges are embedded in the structure of social relationships, where parties in a contract extensively interact, and that the relationship is self-governed, where the possibility of hold-up by one of the parties is drastically minimized. The result overall indicated that to have a successful exchange relationship there must exist the interplay of both structural and relational governance. Furthermore, mere contractual relationships driven by price can jeopardize the alliance. This can also increase the transaction cost arising out of hold-up and opportunistic behavior by the parties in the relationship. Hence, this implies that in Nepal almost all economic transactions are characterized by social relations and that the success of the conceptual model opens new avenues for other kinds of alliances such as public-private projects, which have been deemed significant in developing various government projects.
Determinants of resilience to Covid-19: A cross-country analysis of coping capacity, adaptive capacity, and disaster risk management
Khadka, Asmita; Chandra-Nuj Mahakanjana (National Institute of Development Administration, 2023)
Disaster research often operates within siloed frameworks, failing to effectively integrate the resilience and disaster risk management (DRM) paradigms, thus presenting a critical gap in understanding resilience outcomes comprehensively. This study aims to bridge this gap by integrating these frameworks and exploring the relationships among coping, adaptive, and DRM capacities and COVID-19 resilience outcomes. Through a literature review, this research clarifies the key concepts. Coping capacity helps social systems cope with disasters, while adaptive capacity promotes adaptability and transformation for evolving challenges. Both generic capacities are essential to DRM capacity, which involves managing disaster risks through planned actions. The study identifies pre-disaster and post-disaster DRM as components of DRM capacity, institutional quality, collaborative governance, and social capital as adaptive capacities, while coping capacity is treated as a single component. Taking the ex-post resilience measurement approach, disaster resilience outcome is measured using excess mortality associated with the pandemic. Quantitative analysis employing partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) across 129 countries forms the backbone of this research. Additionally, a comparative case study of Thailand and Nepal was undertaken through desk research in order to explore the pandemic risk management capacity and to draw conclusive insights. The findings highlight the critical role of pre-disaster DRM in enhancing postdisaster DRM capacity, emphasizing the importance of the proactive management of biological hazards. A very high level of post-disaster DRM capacity correlates with better resilience outcomes, while intermediate levels may be counterproductive, as indicated by a quadratic relationship. Higher coping capacity, institutional quality, and collaborative governance significantly strengthen pre-disaster DRM capacity, underscoring the importance of generic resilience building capacities in proactive DRM. Higher coping capacity and institutional quality are associated with higher postdisaster DRM capacity. The study highlights the crucial role of strong government institutions in pandemic management, improvising, and addressing preparedness gaps. However, the positive link between collaborative governance and post-disaster DRM was not significant. Interestingly, a higher level of collaborative governance was associated with lower resilience outcomes, although this association also lacked statistical significance. On the other hand, case studies highlight the importance of government-led collaboration in disaster response. This study attributed the mixed findings to challenges in trust building and coordination during the response phase. Overall, collaborative government has benefits and drawbacks, and its effect may not be significant when considered alongside other factors. The impact of coping capacity and institutional quality on resilience outcomes displayed quadratic effects, indicating better outcomes at very low and high levels of capacity, but counterproductive effects at intermediate levels, potentially due to increased virus transmission risks combined with inadequate capacities in countries with moderate levels of capacity. This emphasizes the importance of maintaining very high coping capacity and institutional quality. Lastly, the study firmly established that higher social capital correlates with better disaster resilience, enabling adherence to pandemic measures and cooperation. The present study underscores the importance of taking a long-term approach to disaster resilience and integrating resilience and DRM perspectives in both disaster research and practice. In order to address systemic risks and unexpected challenges, the study recommends building societal capacities, such as investing in healthcare infrastructure, universal healthcare, social protection, enhancing government accountability and effectiveness, and fostering collaborative governance, along with building comprehensive DRM capacity. Future research should focus on assessing resilience at the community level using this integrated approach.
The board of directors, ownership structures, and firm characteristics affecting companies' performance in Thailand and Vietnam
Suthat Wongsakulchai; Anchana NaRanon (National Institute of Development Administration, 2024)
This study aims to explore the impact of the board of directors, ownership structures, and firm characteristics on the performance of publicly listed companies in Thailand and Vietnam. The research focuses on a sample of companies over a twoyear period (2018 and 2022). In Thailand, the sample includes 907 companies listed on both the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) and the Market for Alternative Investment (MAI). In Vietnam, it comprises 721 companies listed on the Hochiminh Stock Exchange (HOSE) and the Hanoi Stock Exchange (HNX). The combined sample from both countries results in a total of 2,398 observations. This study employs a quantitative research design, utilizing multiple linear regression analysis as the primary statistical method. The results, grounded in agency theory and resource dependency theory, reveal that the board of directors, ownership structures, and firm characteristics exhibit statistically significant positive and negative effects on firm performance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% significance levels respectively. These findings offer policy recommendations and contribute to the literature on the relationships among the board of directors, ownership structures, firm characteristics, and firm performance in both countries.
Collaboration in public services: Case studies of the royal irrigation department
Nantawat Thanindechanan; Chandra-Nuj Mahakanjana (National Institute of Development Administration, 2024)
This study explores the Royal Irrigation Department's cooperation in providing public services, with the following objectives: 1) Investigate the reasons and processes behind the RID's collaborative practices. 2) Investigate the elements that contribute to the Royal Irrigation Department's (RID) successful implementation of collaborative techniques for public service delivery. 3) Develop a model for implementing the RID's public-service requirements. The study discovered that the Royal Irrigation Department created a 14-step water supply and maintenance procedure with farmer engagement to enforce stakeholder compliance, solve the problem of personnel shortage, and respond to the Royal Irrigation Department's collaboration strategy. The Royal Irrigation Department's successful public service delivery relies on collaborative governance (system contexts, water resources, organizational and personal networks, legal framework or policy, political dynamics, and leadership, as well as the factors driving cooperation (principled engagement, trust, responsiveness, and leadership strength). Finally, the researcher found that the Royal Irrigation Department's model of collaboration for public service consists of three overlapping dimensions. System Contexts are influenced by politics, law, economy, society, and the environment, with diverse leaders advocating for collaboration, leading to the next dimension, Collaboration Dynamics. When the drivers push for collaboration, the Collaboration Process emerges, which is the innermost dimension that demands the potential of leaders and personal ties to bring stakeholders together and take action on the basis of mutual trust. These three components will be dynamic, and the outcomes of the collaborative dynamics will feed into the system context framework.
Factors influencing the success and failure of the implementation of the government welfare card policy
Rachata Juthaphiw; Ponlapat Buracom (National Institute of Development Administration, 2024)
The objectives of this research article were to study: 1) Factors influencing the success or failure of the government welfare card policy. 2) The success or failure of the state welfare card policy. 3) Problems and obstacles in implementing the welfare card policy. This was a mixed method research, using both qualitative and quantitative research. Key informants were ten people in Kalasin Province with an income of no more than 2,000 baht per month and a purposive sampling technique was used in this process. The sample group was 623 people in those provinces with chronic poverty for more than 5 years, using the Taro Yamane formula and a multistage random sampling method. Research tools included interview forms and questionnaire forms. Qualitative data were analyzed using a descriptive method, and quantitative data were analyzed by mean and standard deviation. The hypotheses were tested by multiple regression analysis. The results showed that: 1) The overall factors influencing the success of the welfare card policy implementation were at high levels (x ̅= 4.21). 2) The success level of the overall implementation of the welfare card policy was at a high-level (x ̅= 4.11). 3) Problems and obstacles in implementing the welfare card policy are as follows: Difficulty in registering, travel problems, identity verification problems, communication problems, and a problem in understanding the right to use the card. Environmental factors influenced the success or failure of implementation of the state welfare card policy at a high level, with statistical significance at the .05 level.
The effect and drive of tax progressivity on tax systems in the East Asia-Pacific
Pakorn Soodsaen; Ponlapat Buracom (National Institute of Development Administration, 2024)
Progressive tax systems in East Asia and the Pacific are increasingly a concern due to the widening gap between tax progressivity, income distribution, and human development. The objective of this research is to address the challenge of income distribution inequality and assess the impact of personal income tax reform as a strategy to reduce inequality through direct government administration and budget policymaking. Furthermore, this study aims to understand the influence of political and governance factors on personal income tax development as a guideline for government fiscal policymaking and governance. This study uses quantitative research to examine the causal relationship between variables and phenomena, attempting to explain the occurrence of specific phenomena. The dependent variable examined is the impact of fiscal policy on personal income tax disbursement, focusing on several independent variables that represent effective political and governance factors. The research addresses three primary questions: (1) the impact of changes in personal income tax progressivity on income distribution inequality and human development; (2) the influence of political factors on personal income tax progressivity that impact income distribution inequality and human development; and (3) the influence of governance factors on personal income tax progressivity that impact income distribution inequality and human development. According to the findings, political factors have no effect on tax progressivity, while governance factors, specifically voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, and government effectiveness, have a major impact on human development and income distribution inequality. In terms of income inequality and human development in the East Asia and Pacific area, the findings offer important new insights into the significance of governance factors as suppressors in affecting tax progressivity.
An analysis of the determinants of defense expenditure in Thailand (1992-2022)
Sathita Toopthong; Danuvas Sagarik (National Institute of Development Administration, 2023)
A nation's defense budget reveals its security anxieties and projected military strength. While Thailand ranked 27th globally in 2022, and 3rd in Southeast of Defense spending, the value and necessity of nation’s defense budget are a public debate, and the factors that are related are crucial in political science and economics due to their significant impact on the nation's economy and society. Understanding defense expenditure is vital to public policy and other fields, encompassing studies on its connection to economic impact, its key determinants, and its spending patterns. This study delves into how Thailand's defense expenditure from 1992 to 2022, has been shaped by both internal and external factors. Using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, the results explore how the adapted model from the neo-classical perspective, Keynesian, and other theories influence military spending in Thailand. The results of the study illustrate that the determinants of defense expenditure in Thailand can be extended to four factors. Economic growth, national security concerns, political factors such as protests, and coups all play crucial roles in determining how much Thailand invests in its military and population growth. The proposed model helps to identify how changes in GDP, income inequality, external threats, and political status impact defense budgeting. By estimating the coefficients, the ARDL model can provide insights into the relative significance of these factors in determining defense budget policy and reforms. Moreover, the findings contribute new knowledge to the field of public policy and economics domestically and abroad. The proposed model can be an alternative tool for effective budget allocation and reforms.
The impact of social capital and intelectual capital on knowledge management practices in public organizations in Thailand in becoming learning organizations
Lanyanat Patanan; Anchana Na Ranong (National Institute of Development Administration, 2023)
In this research on the impact of social capital, intellectual capital, and knowledge management on public organizations on being the learning organization, the objectives are 1) to study the pattern of the causal relationships among social capital, intellectual capital, and knowledge management for a public organization to be a learning organization; 2) to study the direct and indirect influences of social capital and intellectual capital and knowledge management that affect a public organization to be a learning organization; and 3) to study the problems and obstacles in making a public organization a learning one. The target population for this research is officials in public organizations in Thailand. A random sample of public organization officials was used. Four hundred officials of public organizations were targeted for this study, and the data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling analysis (SEM). The researcher also conducted a qualitative research study by conducting in-depth interviews using a method to select a specific number of key informants. Ten people were executives responsible for knowledge management and officials involved in knowledge management. The results of the study found that, first, social capital factors had the strongest relationship-oriented social capital components, and intellectual capital factors had the most human capital components, while knowledge management factors had the most knowledge storage elements. Finally, the learning organization factor had the most elements of thinking patterns. In terms of the second finding, the structural equation model was in harmony with the empirical data. The results was a chi-square = 55.775, df = 46.0, Sig = 0.153, CMIN/ df . = 1.212, GFI = 0.982, AGFI = 0.954, NFI = 0.987, IFI = 0.998, CFI = 0.998, RMR = 0.009, RMSEA = 0.023, and the research hypothesis was accepted, showing that intellectual capital has a positive effect on being a learning organization with risk management. Knowing is a passing variable. The analysis results show that intellectual capital affects being a learning organization with knowledge management being a more transferable variable than intellectual capital that directly affects the learning organization, while social capital directly affects being a learning organization rather than having knowledge management as a transmission variable. However, when comparing the direct influence of social capital and intellectual capital, it was found that intellectual capital has a more direct effect on learning organizations than social capital.
The adoption of artificial intelligence innovation in Thai public hospital: Multiple case studies
Kittisak Kaweekijmanee; Kasemsarn Chotchakornpant (National Institute of Development Administration, 2023)
Adoptions of AI-based innovation in the healthcare sector have increasingly received attention from scholars in innovation studies. However, previous research has not adequately provided an account of the pathway leading to the adoption of AI technology in healthcare organizations, nor has there been a thorough understanding of how various factors may impact different stages of the innovation adoption process. This research, conducted using public hospitals in Thailand as case studies, aims to investigate the processes involved in adopting AI innovations in Thai public hospitals, as well as the factors influencing this adoption. The study uses Rogers’ diffusion of innovation (DOI) theory as a main theoretical background. The study also integrates the DOI theory with other frameworks, including the technology-organizationenvironment (TOE) framework, concepts of interorganizational relationships (IORs), and the technological innovation system (TIS) framework. Utilizing a qualitative-based, multiple case studies approach, the research collected data through in-depth interviews from February to July 2023, and follow-up interviews from September 2023 to February 2024, complemented by secondary data. In total, 52 key informants were interviewed. These included hospital administrators, healthcare practitioners, IT personnel, technology developers, and representatives from policy and promotion agencies, regulators, funding agencies, and research institutions. Thematic analysis was conducted on the transcribed materials in order to synthesize a storyline and to derive relevant insights. The study investigated seven cases of AIrelated innovation adoption in public hospitals in Thailand. These cases vary in terms of sources of innovations and hospital characteristics. The study identified characteristics specific to the innovation adoption process in each case. It also categorized the factors influencing adoption into five groups: organizational factors, ecosystem factors, interorganizational relationships factors, individual factors, and innovation factors. Furthermore, the study established connections between each step of the innovation adoption process and these adoption factors. This research contributes to a better understanding of the innovation adoption process, particularly concerning AI technology adoption, and it builds upon existing literature to enhance knowledge of Rogers’ DOI theory. The research also extends the application of the TOE framework by incorporating determinants related to interorganizational relationships and individual factors in analyzing the factors influencing innovation adoption.
Transactional leadership and transformational leadership of Bangkok administrators affecting organizational efficiency and organizational effectiveness with job satisfaction as the mediator variable
Yuttakon Naksri; Boon-Anan Phinaitrup (National Institute of Development Administration, 2025)
Executives play a significant role in shaping organizations’ success. When organizations are coupled with leadership, those organizations tend to be more successful, progressive, and prosperous. This research was aimed at examining the effects of Bangkok Metropolitan (BMA) executives’ transactional leadership and transformational leadership on organizational efficiency and organizational effectiveness, investigating the effects of job satisfaction as a mediating variable, and developing a structural equation model to explain those effects on organizational efficiency and organizational effectiveness. Mixed-method research was adopted. For quantitative method research, a questionnaire was chosen as the research instrument to collect data from 406 executives of different agencies under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. For data analysis, statistical analysis and structural equation modelling were employed. In terms of qualitative method research, in-depth interviews along with semi-structured questions were utilized. 20 key informants, classified into 3 groups, included ordinary Bangkok civil servants of the BMA at executive levels, such as in administration, directors, senior general, general, and higher professionals. The results of descriptive statistics revealed that the respondents agreed with the transactional leadership and transformational leadership of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration executives, with organizational effectiveness, and job satisfaction at a high level. Meanwhile, organizational efficiency was found at a very high level of agreement among the respondents. Moreover, it was found that all 5 measurement models satisfied the cut-off points of construct validity and discriminant validity. The results of hypothesis testing indicated that transactional leadership had a positive direct effect on organizational efficiency, organizational effectiveness, and job satisfaction at statistical significance of the 0.01 level. Job satisfaction also had a positive direct effect on organizational efficiency and organizational effectiveness at the statistical significance of the 0.01 level. Transformational leadership had a positive direct effect on organizational efficiency and organizational effectiveness at the statistical significance of the 0.05 level. Transformational leadership had a positive direct effect on job satisfaction at the statistical significance of the 0.001 level. Transactional leadership had an indirect effect on organizational efficiency through job satisfaction at the statistical significance of the 0.01 level. Transactional leadership had an indirect effect on organizational effectiveness through job satisfaction at the statistical significance of the 0.01 level. Transformational leadership had an indirect effect on organizational efficiency at the statistical significance of the 0.05 level. Transformational leadership had an indirect effect on organizational effectiveness at the statistical significance of the 0.05 level. The results of qualitative method research showed that key informants viewed progress tracking as the most important attribute of transactional leadership, followed by planning. The key informants stated that idealized influence was the most important attribute of transformational leadership, followed by inspirational motivation. The customer was the most important attribute of organizational efficiency, accompanied by human relations. Colleagues were the most important attribute of job satisfaction, followed by supervision. The results of both quantitative and qualitative method research were found in the same direction. Theoretical contribution states that transactional leadership theory, transformational leadership theory, job satisfaction, organizational efficiency, and organizational effectiveness were proved to provide a better understanding of leadership characteristics that affect organizations. The implication for practice is that the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration and related government agencies should develop and promote transactional leadership and transformational leadership among the BMA executives in order to alleviate organizational performance, coupled with a work environment that facilitates employee satisfaction.
Forecasting future trends to inform and shape the urban development strategic plan of Bangkok as a creative design city
Srayoot Thadsri; Dhiyathad Prateeppornnarong (National Institute of Development Administration, 2025)
This research employs a mixed-methods approach to study future forecasting for driving Bangkok Thailand's urban development plan as a creative city of design. The main objectives are to analyze the current situation of private sector operations and government support according to urban development strategic guidelines, to examine the opportunities, obstacles, problems, and approaches to eliminating the barriers in developing the economy through creative industries, and to analyze future forecasting through creating strategic cooperation mechanisms between the government and private sectors. The research methodology involved two phases of the data collection: in-depth interviews with 12 key informants representing the government and private sectors involved in creative city development, and quantitative surveys from a sample of 400 respondents for the confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling analysis. This research has created significant theoretical developments in several dimensions. First, it extends the public-private partnership concept to creative city development. The research demonstrates that cooperation concepts in creative city development contexts do not include merely traditional financial risk-sharing, but also creating creative ecosystems that integrate social, cultural, and economic capital. This expands the understanding from focusing solely on economic efficiency to creating shared value that includes sustainable urban development. The second conceptual development concerns developing a new public governance framework in creative city development contexts. The research extends the original concept from focusing on network creation and participation to integrating network governance, participatory governance, strategic management, and new public management concepts into a unified framework. This demonstrates that creative city development requires new public management approaches emphasizing creating spaces for stakeholder co-creation rather than merely controlling or providing services from the government alone. The third aspect involves creating a new concept of creative urban futures through combining strategic foresight with the STEEP analysis (Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental and Political). The research develops creative city future forecasting methods that integrate trend analysis in social, technological, economic, environmental, and political dimensions with participatory scenario planning processes, a creating deeper understanding of creative city transformation dynamics. The study results reveal that success in developing Bangkok as a creative city of design requires integrating four main critical components: government policies and support; infrastructure and urban management; human resource development and collaboration; and public and community engagement. The structural equation modeling analysis demonstrates statistically significant causal relationships among these variables. The research presents comprehensive policy and practical recommendations covering long-term vision and strategy creation, including establishing national-level coordinating organizations, improving legal and regulatory systems, creating financial and tax incentives, and developing education policies promoting creativity, along with operational processes emphasizing development plan stability, sustainable budget allocation, good governance management, and creating continuity in order to ensure that creative city development achieves sustainability and maximum benefits for the country's economic, social, and cultural development.
Corporate social responsibility of small and medium enterprises: A case study of elderly employment
Jitusa Khanthong; Ponlapat Buracom (National Institute of Development Administration, 2025)
The study titled “Corporate Social Responsibility of Small and Medium Enterprises: A Case Study of Elderly Employment” aimed: 1) to study the SME entrepreneurs’ perspectives on corporate social responsibility, including their reasons for employing elderly workers, the skills of these workers, the readiness of establishments, compensation and benefits allocation, employment conditions, and the support received from government agencies.; 2) to examine good practices in the employment of the elderly by SMEs; and 3) to propose appropriate employment guidelines for the elderly that are suitable for SMEs. A qualitative research approach was employed, utilizing in-depth interviews with key informants from SMEs in the manufacturing, service, and trade sectors. All participating businesses were legally registered under the Civil and Commercial Code. The sample included three SME business sizes—micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises—with a total of 25 businesses. The key informant groups comprised: (1) entrepreneurs who played a significant role in hiring elderly workers, representing 20 enterprises that employed at least one elderly worker; (2) entrepreneurs from 5 enterprises that did not employ elderly workers; and (3) 22 elderly workers currently employed in those SMEs. The results of the study revealed that entrepreneurs’ perspectives on corporate social responsibility (CSR) are diverse. Some remain uncertain about appropriate guidelines and perceive CSR activities as the responsibility of large companies. Others consider the employment of elderly workers as an expression of CSR, while some entrepreneurs emphasize that financial readiness is a key factor in undertaking such responsibilities. Across businesses of different sizes, the approach to employing elderly workers is generally similar, involving continued employment after retirement through short-term contracts, either monthly or annually, while maintaining remuneration and benefits. Furthermore, the findings highlight that elderly workers should prepare for retirement by developing new skills (up-skilling/re-skilling) and adapting to ongoing changes in technology and knowledge. Entrepreneurs employing elderly workers perceive that hiring them does not negatively affect business operations. They often feel attached to these workers, having worked together for a long time, and do not wish to abandon them if they can still contribute. Such employment is also seen as a social contribution and aligns with life cycle theory, which emphasizes that change is inherent to human existence, and each life stage has distinct characteristics. Entrepreneurs acknowledge the productivity limitations of elderly workers and accordingly adjust job positions or working hours. At the same time, they recognize elderly workers’ advantages, particularly experience, expertise, problem-solving ability, and positive work attitude. They are also willing to support skill development or training, viewing it as an investment that facilitates knowledge transfer to younger generations, consistent with human capital theory. However, certain types of work, especially those requiring significant physical exertion, are considered unsuitable for elderly workers, who are instead regarded as more appropriate for consultant roles. Therefore, the employment of older workers should be recognized as an important organizational strategy. It reflects equality and social responsibility while acknowledging elderly workers as valuable human resources with knowledge, skills, and experience to transfer to younger generations. To help entrepreneurs who have not yet employed elderly workers recognize their importance, organizations should disseminate best practices and introduce incentives through policy support, such as tax benefits, social security deductions, or subsidies. Furthermore, raising awareness in society of the need to employ elderly workers will help highlight the positive impacts not only on the quality of life of the elderly but also on society and the national economy.
A study on the effectiveness of digital learning and teaching systems: A case study of public and private universities during the covid-19 pandemic
Kanumporn Kuntaka; Ploy Suebvises (National Institute of Development Administration, 2025)
The objectives of this research are: 1) to examine the factors influencing the effectiveness of digital technology-based teaching and learning in Thai universities, and 2) to propose policy and practical recommendations for digital learning systems in both public and private universities. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative research. The population and sample consist of 388 university students. The research tools include questionnaires, and the statistical analysis methods used are descriptive statistics, such as percentage, mean (x ?), standard deviation (S.D.), and inferential statistics through multiple regression analysis. The findings reveal that the factors related to digital technology-based teaching and learning, including learner and instructor aspects, system quality, and information quality, accounted for 70.9% (R = .709) of the effectiveness and explained 50.3% (R² = .503) of online learning outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. The multiple regression coefficient (beta) shows that information quality (0.284), system quality (0.224), and learner and instructor factors (0.192) significantly influence the use of online systems at the 0.05 significance level. The study recommends that the government establish key policies for public and private higher education institutions in order to enhance and develop stable teaching and learning platforms. This would maximize the effectiveness of digital technology-based learning outcomes in the modern era. Additionally, it suggests developing new teaching platforms for the new generation of students and equipping both instructors and learners with the necessary skills and knowledge to utilize innovative online learning applications currently used as educational tools in both public and private universities.
A study on developing social protection for gig workers: The case of gig workers in the online platform for the food and groceries delivery service in Thailand
Irin Rotrak; Dhiyathad Prateeppornnarong (National Institute of Development Administration, 2025)
This research examines social protection development for Gig workers in Thailand, focusing on food and goods delivery workers operating through online platforms. The study investigates current working conditions and social security arrangements, identifies barriers in accessing welfare systems, explores pathways for developing social protection through stakeholder engagement, and formulates policy recommendations for enhancing protection for platform-based delivery workers. The study employs a mixed methods approach combining quantitative research through questionnaire surveys of 409 riders analyzed using descriptive statistics, and qualitative research involving documentary analysis, individual interviews, and group interviews with 25 participants using semi-structured protocols. Data analysis utilized thematic and content analysis methods. The findings reveal that riders face multiple challenges including unfair employment contracts, absence of income security, systemic management issues, negative social perceptions, high-risk operational environments, and inadequate welfare provisions. Most riders access protection through Section 39 of the Social Security Act and purchase voluntary insurance, particularly accident coverage, while relying on personal savings for retirement planning. Riders demand disability assistance from state guarantees and expect platform companies to reduce commission fees, guarantee minimum income or daily job quotas, and increase per-trip compensation. While statistical data show most riders desire employee status, qualitative analysis reveals complex preferences, with some preferring work flexibility and autonomy while favoring state intervention for fair working conditions. Thematic analysis identified four principal themes: work characteristics showing workers have schedule autonomy but face stringent platform requirements, job allocation uncertainty, and communication challenges; work-related problems including income uncertainty, safety risks, unclear legal status, inadequate social protection, and power imbalances; worker needs for transparency in compensation systems, appropriate social protection, clear legal status, improved communication, and policy participation; and government role gaps including regulatory oversight deficiencies, unclear legal status determination, taxation issues, and absent registration standards. The study proposes six policy recommendations: legal framework improvement through specialized legislation creating hybrid employment status and dedicated funds; comprehensive social security systems via legal reform and digital platform worker funds; occupational safety promotion establishing minimum safety standards and specialized accident insurance; skills development through training curricula and certification systems; participatory mechanisms supporting worker organization and tripartite committees; and database and research development for effective policy formulation. These recommendations aim to establish comprehensive, flexible, and sustainable social protection systems for Thailand's digital economy workers, addressing platform-based Gig workers' unique challenges while balancing flexibility needs with adequate protection.
The characteristics of social media influencers that affect political news engagement among the Thai citizens
Rossarin Prakobthan; Kasemsarn Chotchakornpant (National Institute of Development Administration, 2024)
Nowadays, social media influencers have a significant role in influencing political news engagement among Thai citizens. This research is aimed at examining the characteristics of social media influencers who affect political news engagement among Thai citizens by gender, age, and education, and at providing policy recommendations about the promotion and development of political news engagement among the Thai citizenry through the effective and efficient use of social media influencers. Mixed-methods research was adopted. For a quantitative research approach, a questionnaire was selected to function as a research instrument to collect data from 400 respondents aged over 18 years with the right to vote in the general elections in 2023. The clusters covered 6 regions encompassing 12 provinces in Thailand. In terms of a qualitative research approach, 13 key informants who were social media influencers employed by media outlets and media freelancers presenting news on broadcast and social media channels participated in this research. Statistics applied for the data analysis included frequency, percentage, standard deviation, independent sample t-test, One-Way ANOVA, and Fisher’s LSD method for multiple comparison. The results revealed that 1) overall, each attribute of the social media influencers’ characteristics influenced political news engagement among Thai citizens at a high level. Credibility of personal brand received the highest mean, followed by celebrityhood, social networking, political opinion leadership, capability of content creation and spreading, and social status, respectively. 2) It was found that male and female respondents had different opinions toward the characteristics of the social media influencers that affect political news engagement at statistical significance of the 0.05 level, overall. In contrast, different ages and educations of the respondents had no general differences. (3) Social media influencers were significant at each step of the public policy process. Their role was to provide thorough news and information, which required innovation to develop the presentation patterns of news information in order to meet the tastes of each group of viewers. These presentation patterns could be in the use of charts, pages, or graphics that allow viewers to understand easily and quickly. Colorful presentation also enhances the viewers’ experiences, encouraging more participation in public discussions about the analysis and development of future policy implementation. As far as policy recommendation is concerned, the Government Public Relations Department of Thailand, in particular, is the government agency that has the duty to strengthen better understanding between government agencies and the people regarding public policies. Its duty is demonstrated through coordination and collaboration by giving compensation to political influencers to explain the government’s public policies and mega projects. In this regard, those public policies and mega projects that could potentially affect the people are understood with complete information. This information could lead to people’s political participation to help move public policies forward. On the other hand, it could enable people to refuse public policies in case they cause devastating damage to the country. However, social media influencers should be regulated to prevent the presentation of fake news that could harm the national security. By doing so, the Draft Media Ethics and Professional Standards Promotion Act should cover social media influencer regulations by reviewing the definition of social media and regulations that correspond to the content’s production. These regulations could apply laws and measures from foreign countries to the draft that fits the Thai context, resulting in an effective presentation of news and information. In this way, the people can reach and utilize news and information for their decision making regarding political participation.
Central bank digital currency: A mixed method study of the factors influencing its adoption in Thailand in terms of the role of remunerability, anonymity, and technological utilities
Kittichai Singha; Montree Socatiyanurak (National Institute of Development Administration, 2024)
Central bank digital currencies (CBDC) are being globally considered, exhibiting diverse adoption objectives and challenges among countries. CBDC has the potential to improve competition, efficiency, and resilience in payment systems, while also addressing risks posed by privately issued digital currencies, including cryptocurrencies, that threaten monetary sovereignty and financial stability. The primary advantages encompass the promotion of financial digitization, the reduction of cash management expenses, and the enhancement of financial inclusion, particularly in underbanked areas. The implementation of CBDC improves the transmission of monetary policy by leveraging comprehensive payment data and tackling the zero lower bound issue through remunerability features, thereby facilitating effective fiscal measures such as “helicopter money”. Adoption of CBDC is contingent upon mitigating overuse risks that may threaten traditional financial intermediaries, as well as underuse risks stemming from issues related to identity verification, anonymity, and privacy. Inadequate adoption may impede scalability issues and restrict the benefits of programmability, interoperability, accessibility, and stability. Collaboration among central banks, financial institutions, payment service providers, and fintech entities is essential in order to design CBDC that is tailored to national contexts. This approach ensures balanced adoption while supporting innovation, financial stability, and policy objectives. The present study indicates that the remunerability factor has a mean of 3.774 and a standard deviation of 1.137, suggesting a strong intention to utilize the service. Perceivable usefulness such as programmability (mean = 3.776, SD = 1.062), traceability (mean = 3.837, SD = 0.961), and stability (mean = 4.153, SD = 0.988) indicates high intention levels; whereas perceived ease of use, namely interoperability (mean = 3.535, SD = 0.963), shows slightly lower yet significant results. Conversely, the factors associated with anonymity, such as non-disclosure of identity (mean = 2.740, SD = 1.270) and disclosure of identity (mean = 2.544, SD = 1.172), indicate moderate levels of intention. The intention to utilize the service under the supervision of the Bank of Thailand yields a mean of 3.988 and a standard deviation of 1.012. Further, the coefficient of determination (R² = 0.448) reveals that 44.8% of the variance in CBDC usage is accounted for by the examined factors, demonstrating a positive correlation whereby an increase in the independent variables corresponds to increasing CBDC adoption.
Improving effective performance of Thailand’s National Single Window (NSW)
Sakhunnishta Bodhibandhu; Montree Socatiyanurak (National Institute of Development Administration, 2024)
The purpose of this study is to investigate the current implementation of Thailand’s National Single Window and identify opportunities for improvement. The objectives of the study include: 1) assessing Thailand’s existing National Single Window, including its structure, function, agency and customer participation; 2) identifying problems with Thailand’s current NSW that could be resolved through improved function and process flow; 3) comparing Thailand’s NSW with other cases and identify potential solutions; and 4) providing recommendations that will improve border compliance effectiveness through Thailand’s National Single Window based on the findings. Implementation of the National Single Window, which began to be considered as a policy around 2005, is now substantially complete, but development activities and improvement are still ongoing. This study used a nested sequential qualitative-led mixed methods research design to investigate implementation of the National Single Window from the perspectives of multiple stakeholder groups. Data collection was conducted using a policy review (Phase 1), a questionnaire (n = 400) (Phase 2), and an open-ended questionnaire (n = 38) (Phase 3). The Phase 1 and Phase 3 data were analyzed using content analysis, while Phase 2 data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The analysis revealed that the National Single Window is currently being used and some aspects, such as implementation of import and export processes, is largely complete. This has provided benefits to users and agencies, especially cost and time reduction and an improvement in effectiveness in several dimensions. However, there are still some areas where improvements are needed, particularly concerning interagency coordination of processes, information sharing, and improvement of system stability. The study provides recommendations for continued development of the National Single Window based on these findings.
Factors affecting the digital divide in Thailand
Aukkaradech Intolo; Prapon Sahapattana (National Institute of Development Administration, 2024)
This dissertation aimed to (1) study the level of the digital divide in Thailand, (2) analyze factors affecting the growth rate of internet users between 2011 and 2020, (3) test the relationship of independent and dependent variables using statistical methods, (4) study the digital divide that affects the provision and reception of government public services, and (5) propose guidelines for developing government policies to lessen the problem of digital divide. This research used a mixed-methods research design and quantitative research methods, namely, regression analysis and a chi-square test. The samples comprised internet users from 77 provinces in Thailand from 2011 to 2020. The qualitative research involved in-depth interviews with seven selected participants through face-to-face interviews. The participants included one executive from an organization responsible for formulating communication and telecommunications policies, two scholars specializing in communications, telecommunications, population and society, two executives from internet service provider (ISP) companies, and two executives from public and private agencies related to communications and telecommunications. The following research findings revealed that (1) Thailand experiences digital inequality at the provincial level, as the growth rate of internet users has varied across the provinces between 2011 and 2020. (2) Factors affecting the growth rate of internet users include the population aged 60 years and above, the population with incomes below the poverty line, and the number of workers registered in the social security system. The first two factors have a relationship in the opposite direction with the growth rate of internet users, while the third factor has a relationship in the same direction as the growth rate of internet users. (3) The results of the chi-square relationship test between the variables showed that all three factors were related to the growth rate of internet users. The research findings revealed that provinces with an internet user growth rate below the national average tend to have a lower number of internet users compared to the national average. This is consistent with the data from in-depth interviews, which indicate that digital inequality in Thailand is currently caused by certain internet user groups, such as the elderly, low-income populations, and workers in the social security system. (4) Digital inequality prevents disadvantaged groups from accessing public services on an equal basis with internet users. For example, the Act on Carrying Out of Public Service via Electronic Means, B.E. 2565 (2022) aims to facilitate public access to government services and communication between government agencies or officials through electronic means. It also seeks to promote the use of digital technology across the entire ecosystem. (5) Therefore, relevant agencies should promote and support public access to the internet, particularly for disadvantaged groups such as low-income populations and the elderly. Additionally, the employment of workers under the social security system should be promoted more to reduce the digital divide in Thailand.
Structural equation model of factors influencing the establishment of institutionalization in the implementation of digital government policy by the department of highways
Nattanun Sutaveepramochanon; Kasemsarn Chotchakornpant (National Institute of Development Administration, 2024)
The study titled ‘Structural Equation Model of Factors Influencing the Establishment of Institutionalization in the Implementation of Digital Government Policy by the Department of Highways’ has purposes to study examine the confirmatory components of the factors influencing institutionalization in the implementation of Digital Government Policy by the Department of Highways and determine their consistency with empirical data, and to analyze the causal relationships (Path Analysis) between the variables influencing the institutionalization of policy implementation. This study will examine the factors that influence the creation of institutionalization in implementing Digital Government policy at the Department of Highways from the perspective of key stakeholders, including civil servants, government employees, contract workers, and staff of the Department of Highways in central agencies. The goal is to seek an explanation of the realities surrounding various factors that contribute to institutionalization in the implementation of the Department’s Digital Government policy. The researcher hopes that these findings will enhance knowledge of public policy and the theory of policy implementation, as well as the concepts related to factors influencing policy implementation, particularly those relevant to Digital Government policy. This study is grounded in theory, with an aim to achieve a comprehensive and profound understanding in terms of content and methodology, while also identifying factors that influence the creation of institutionalization in implementing Digital Government policy.
An examination of the factors enhancing sustainable renewable energy consumption in Thailand during 2000-2020
Yongyooth Horthong; Pairote Pathranarakul (National Institute of Development Administration, 2024)
This research examines the key factors enhancing sustainable renewable energy consumption in Thailand from 2000 to 2020, employing a mixed-methods approach. During the quantitative phase, multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA), was used in order to evaluate the influence of various factors. During the qualitative phase, interviews were conducted with 23 individuals from diverse organizations involved in Thailand's renewable energy sector. The quantitative findings showed that policies supporting residential renewable energy, the democracy index, global crude oil prices, and regulatory quality positively correlated with renewable energy consumption. In contrast, policies for the commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors, along with government effectiveness, political stability, renewable power generation costs, and the number of renewable energy investment projects, showed a negative correlation. The qualitative data, through interviewee agreement (both fully and partially), corroborated the significance of these factors in promoting sustainable renewable energy consumption in Thailand during the studied period. The study highlights a complex interplay of factors affecting renewable energy consumption, which is crucial for effective policymaking, and suggests five theoretical contributions to public administration and public policy, advocating for a comprehensive understanding of renewable energy transition and its policy implications.

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