GSPA: Dissertations

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The role of structural and relational governance in developing a successful exchange relationship between buyer and supplier: A case study of the construction industry in Nepal
Dewan, Ashish; Chandra-Nuj Mahakanjana (National Institute of Development Administration, 2023)
Integrating Resource Dependency Theory (RDT), Transaction Cost Economy (TCE), and Social Embeddedness Theory (SET) perspectives, this paper conceptualizes the construction companies and material suppliers alliance model from inception to performance, by conceptualizing the adaptability of structural and relational governance and role on implementing successful exchange dyad between two firms and explores the relationship between perceived dependency, structural and relational governance, resources exchange, and buyer’s satisfaction The objectives of the study include: 1) to develop a model explaining the role of structural and relational governance in generating trust, and the antecedent factors such as perceived dependency that result in a successful buyer-supplier exchange dyad in the construction industry in Nepal, and 2) to test a model that integrates three different perspectives: the resource dependency perspective (RDT), the transaction cost economy (TCE), and the social embeddedness theory (SET), to show the formation of the successful exchange relationship of the construction companies and the material suppliers and the role of structural and relational governance in generating trust between construction companies and a material suppliers. Using survey data gathered from 175 alliance construction companies and material suppliers in Nepal, the statistical result revealed that the proposed model has significant mediating effects contributing to successful exchange performance. Based on the causal path model, structural and relational governance are the key enablers of exchange performance. These findings, however, reveal that perceived dependency is only an antecedent factor and has only an indirect effect on the exchange of information. It appears plausible that mere dependency between parties may not lead to an exchange of information, which requires constant interaction between parties, which would lead to ease of communication and trust between parties. These empirical observations question whether the hybrid form of governance like an exchange relationship can achieve extensive information exchange if the dyad exchange was driven by merely price and contractual governance. Instead, it suggests that exchange relationships are socially embedded and that all the economic exchanges are embedded in the structure of social relationships, where parties in a contract extensively interact, and that the relationship is self-governed, where the possibility of hold-up by one of the parties is drastically minimized. The result overall indicated that to have a successful exchange relationship there must exist the interplay of both structural and relational governance. Furthermore, mere contractual relationships driven by price can jeopardize the alliance. This can also increase the transaction cost arising out of hold-up and opportunistic behavior by the parties in the relationship. Hence, this implies that in Nepal almost all economic transactions are characterized by social relations and that the success of the conceptual model opens new avenues for other kinds of alliances such as public-private projects, which have been deemed significant in developing various government projects.
Determinants of resilience to Covid-19: A cross-country analysis of coping capacity, adaptive capacity, and disaster risk management
Khadka, Asmita; Chandra-Nuj Mahakanjana (National Institute of Development Administration, 2023)
Disaster research often operates within siloed frameworks, failing to effectively integrate the resilience and disaster risk management (DRM) paradigms, thus presenting a critical gap in understanding resilience outcomes comprehensively. This study aims to bridge this gap by integrating these frameworks and exploring the relationships among coping, adaptive, and DRM capacities and COVID-19 resilience outcomes. Through a literature review, this research clarifies the key concepts. Coping capacity helps social systems cope with disasters, while adaptive capacity promotes adaptability and transformation for evolving challenges. Both generic capacities are essential to DRM capacity, which involves managing disaster risks through planned actions. The study identifies pre-disaster and post-disaster DRM as components of DRM capacity, institutional quality, collaborative governance, and social capital as adaptive capacities, while coping capacity is treated as a single component. Taking the ex-post resilience measurement approach, disaster resilience outcome is measured using excess mortality associated with the pandemic. Quantitative analysis employing partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) across 129 countries forms the backbone of this research. Additionally, a comparative case study of Thailand and Nepal was undertaken through desk research in order to explore the pandemic risk management capacity and to draw conclusive insights. The findings highlight the critical role of pre-disaster DRM in enhancing postdisaster DRM capacity, emphasizing the importance of the proactive management of biological hazards. A very high level of post-disaster DRM capacity correlates with better resilience outcomes, while intermediate levels may be counterproductive, as indicated by a quadratic relationship. Higher coping capacity, institutional quality, and collaborative governance significantly strengthen pre-disaster DRM capacity, underscoring the importance of generic resilience building capacities in proactive DRM. Higher coping capacity and institutional quality are associated with higher postdisaster DRM capacity. The study highlights the crucial role of strong government institutions in pandemic management, improvising, and addressing preparedness gaps. However, the positive link between collaborative governance and post-disaster DRM was not significant. Interestingly, a higher level of collaborative governance was associated with lower resilience outcomes, although this association also lacked statistical significance. On the other hand, case studies highlight the importance of government-led collaboration in disaster response. This study attributed the mixed findings to challenges in trust building and coordination during the response phase. Overall, collaborative government has benefits and drawbacks, and its effect may not be significant when considered alongside other factors. The impact of coping capacity and institutional quality on resilience outcomes displayed quadratic effects, indicating better outcomes at very low and high levels of capacity, but counterproductive effects at intermediate levels, potentially due to increased virus transmission risks combined with inadequate capacities in countries with moderate levels of capacity. This emphasizes the importance of maintaining very high coping capacity and institutional quality. Lastly, the study firmly established that higher social capital correlates with better disaster resilience, enabling adherence to pandemic measures and cooperation. The present study underscores the importance of taking a long-term approach to disaster resilience and integrating resilience and DRM perspectives in both disaster research and practice. In order to address systemic risks and unexpected challenges, the study recommends building societal capacities, such as investing in healthcare infrastructure, universal healthcare, social protection, enhancing government accountability and effectiveness, and fostering collaborative governance, along with building comprehensive DRM capacity. Future research should focus on assessing resilience at the community level using this integrated approach.
The board of directors, ownership structures, and firm characteristics affecting companies' performance in Thailand and Vietnam
Suthat Wongsakulchai; Anchana NaRanon (National Institute of Development Administration, 2024)
This study aims to explore the impact of the board of directors, ownership structures, and firm characteristics on the performance of publicly listed companies in Thailand and Vietnam. The research focuses on a sample of companies over a twoyear period (2018 and 2022). In Thailand, the sample includes 907 companies listed on both the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) and the Market for Alternative Investment (MAI). In Vietnam, it comprises 721 companies listed on the Hochiminh Stock Exchange (HOSE) and the Hanoi Stock Exchange (HNX). The combined sample from both countries results in a total of 2,398 observations. This study employs a quantitative research design, utilizing multiple linear regression analysis as the primary statistical method. The results, grounded in agency theory and resource dependency theory, reveal that the board of directors, ownership structures, and firm characteristics exhibit statistically significant positive and negative effects on firm performance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% significance levels respectively. These findings offer policy recommendations and contribute to the literature on the relationships among the board of directors, ownership structures, firm characteristics, and firm performance in both countries.
Collaboration in public services: Case studies of the royal irrigation department
Nantawat Thanindechanan; Chandra-Nuj Mahakanjana (National Institute of Development Administration, 2024)
This study explores the Royal Irrigation Department's cooperation in providing public services, with the following objectives: 1) Investigate the reasons and processes behind the RID's collaborative practices. 2) Investigate the elements that contribute to the Royal Irrigation Department's (RID) successful implementation of collaborative techniques for public service delivery. 3) Develop a model for implementing the RID's public-service requirements. The study discovered that the Royal Irrigation Department created a 14-step water supply and maintenance procedure with farmer engagement to enforce stakeholder compliance, solve the problem of personnel shortage, and respond to the Royal Irrigation Department's collaboration strategy. The Royal Irrigation Department's successful public service delivery relies on collaborative governance (system contexts, water resources, organizational and personal networks, legal framework or policy, political dynamics, and leadership, as well as the factors driving cooperation (principled engagement, trust, responsiveness, and leadership strength). Finally, the researcher found that the Royal Irrigation Department's model of collaboration for public service consists of three overlapping dimensions. System Contexts are influenced by politics, law, economy, society, and the environment, with diverse leaders advocating for collaboration, leading to the next dimension, Collaboration Dynamics. When the drivers push for collaboration, the Collaboration Process emerges, which is the innermost dimension that demands the potential of leaders and personal ties to bring stakeholders together and take action on the basis of mutual trust. These three components will be dynamic, and the outcomes of the collaborative dynamics will feed into the system context framework.
Factors influencing the success and failure of the implementation of the government welfare card policy
Rachata Juthaphiw; Ponlapat Buracom (National Institute of Development Administration, 2024)
The objectives of this research article were to study: 1) Factors influencing the success or failure of the government welfare card policy. 2) The success or failure of the state welfare card policy. 3) Problems and obstacles in implementing the welfare card policy. This was a mixed method research, using both qualitative and quantitative research. Key informants were ten people in Kalasin Province with an income of no more than 2,000 baht per month and a purposive sampling technique was used in this process. The sample group was 623 people in those provinces with chronic poverty for more than 5 years, using the Taro Yamane formula and a multistage random sampling method. Research tools included interview forms and questionnaire forms. Qualitative data were analyzed using a descriptive method, and quantitative data were analyzed by mean and standard deviation. The hypotheses were tested by multiple regression analysis. The results showed that: 1) The overall factors influencing the success of the welfare card policy implementation were at high levels (x ̅= 4.21). 2) The success level of the overall implementation of the welfare card policy was at a high-level (x ̅= 4.11). 3) Problems and obstacles in implementing the welfare card policy are as follows: Difficulty in registering, travel problems, identity verification problems, communication problems, and a problem in understanding the right to use the card. Environmental factors influenced the success or failure of implementation of the state welfare card policy at a high level, with statistical significance at the .05 level.
The effect and drive of tax progressivity on tax systems in the East Asia-Pacific
Pakorn Soodsaen; Ponlapat Buracom (National Institute of Development Administration, 2024)
Progressive tax systems in East Asia and the Pacific are increasingly a concern due to the widening gap between tax progressivity, income distribution, and human development. The objective of this research is to address the challenge of income distribution inequality and assess the impact of personal income tax reform as a strategy to reduce inequality through direct government administration and budget policymaking. Furthermore, this study aims to understand the influence of political and governance factors on personal income tax development as a guideline for government fiscal policymaking and governance. This study uses quantitative research to examine the causal relationship between variables and phenomena, attempting to explain the occurrence of specific phenomena. The dependent variable examined is the impact of fiscal policy on personal income tax disbursement, focusing on several independent variables that represent effective political and governance factors. The research addresses three primary questions: (1) the impact of changes in personal income tax progressivity on income distribution inequality and human development; (2) the influence of political factors on personal income tax progressivity that impact income distribution inequality and human development; and (3) the influence of governance factors on personal income tax progressivity that impact income distribution inequality and human development. According to the findings, political factors have no effect on tax progressivity, while governance factors, specifically voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, and government effectiveness, have a major impact on human development and income distribution inequality. In terms of income inequality and human development in the East Asia and Pacific area, the findings offer important new insights into the significance of governance factors as suppressors in affecting tax progressivity.
An analysis of the determinants of defense expenditure in Thailand (1992-2022)
Sathita Toopthong; Danuvas Sagarik (National Institute of Development Administration, 2023)
A nation's defense budget reveals its security anxieties and projected military strength. While Thailand ranked 27th globally in 2022, and 3rd in Southeast of Defense spending, the value and necessity of nation’s defense budget are a public debate, and the factors that are related are crucial in political science and economics due to their significant impact on the nation's economy and society. Understanding defense expenditure is vital to public policy and other fields, encompassing studies on its connection to economic impact, its key determinants, and its spending patterns. This study delves into how Thailand's defense expenditure from 1992 to 2022, has been shaped by both internal and external factors. Using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, the results explore how the adapted model from the neo-classical perspective, Keynesian, and other theories influence military spending in Thailand. The results of the study illustrate that the determinants of defense expenditure in Thailand can be extended to four factors. Economic growth, national security concerns, political factors such as protests, and coups all play crucial roles in determining how much Thailand invests in its military and population growth. The proposed model helps to identify how changes in GDP, income inequality, external threats, and political status impact defense budgeting. By estimating the coefficients, the ARDL model can provide insights into the relative significance of these factors in determining defense budget policy and reforms. Moreover, the findings contribute new knowledge to the field of public policy and economics domestically and abroad. The proposed model can be an alternative tool for effective budget allocation and reforms.
The impact of social capital and intelectual capital on knowledge management practices in public organizations in Thailand in becoming learning organizations
Lanyanat Patanan; Anchana Na Ranong (National Institute of Development Administration, 2023)
In this research on the impact of social capital, intellectual capital, and knowledge management on public organizations on being the learning organization, the objectives are 1) to study the pattern of the causal relationships among social capital, intellectual capital, and knowledge management for a public organization to be a learning organization; 2) to study the direct and indirect influences of social capital and intellectual capital and knowledge management that affect a public organization to be a learning organization; and 3) to study the problems and obstacles in making a public organization a learning one. The target population for this research is officials in public organizations in Thailand. A random sample of public organization officials was used. Four hundred officials of public organizations were targeted for this study, and the data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling analysis (SEM). The researcher also conducted a qualitative research study by conducting in-depth interviews using a method to select a specific number of key informants. Ten people were executives responsible for knowledge management and officials involved in knowledge management. The results of the study found that, first, social capital factors had the strongest relationship-oriented social capital components, and intellectual capital factors had the most human capital components, while knowledge management factors had the most knowledge storage elements. Finally, the learning organization factor had the most elements of thinking patterns. In terms of the second finding, the structural equation model was in harmony with the empirical data. The results was a chi-square = 55.775, df = 46.0, Sig = 0.153, CMIN/ df . = 1.212, GFI = 0.982, AGFI = 0.954, NFI = 0.987, IFI = 0.998, CFI = 0.998, RMR = 0.009, RMSEA = 0.023, and the research hypothesis was accepted, showing that intellectual capital has a positive effect on being a learning organization with risk management. Knowing is a passing variable. The analysis results show that intellectual capital affects being a learning organization with knowledge management being a more transferable variable than intellectual capital that directly affects the learning organization, while social capital directly affects being a learning organization rather than having knowledge management as a transmission variable. However, when comparing the direct influence of social capital and intellectual capital, it was found that intellectual capital has a more direct effect on learning organizations than social capital.
The adoption of artificial intelligence innovation in Thai public hospital: Multiple case studies
Kittisak Kaweekijmanee; Kasemsarn Chotchakornpant (National Institute of Development Administration, 2023)
Adoptions of AI-based innovation in the healthcare sector have increasingly received attention from scholars in innovation studies. However, previous research has not adequately provided an account of the pathway leading to the adoption of AI technology in healthcare organizations, nor has there been a thorough understanding of how various factors may impact different stages of the innovation adoption process. This research, conducted using public hospitals in Thailand as case studies, aims to investigate the processes involved in adopting AI innovations in Thai public hospitals, as well as the factors influencing this adoption. The study uses Rogers’ diffusion of innovation (DOI) theory as a main theoretical background. The study also integrates the DOI theory with other frameworks, including the technology-organizationenvironment (TOE) framework, concepts of interorganizational relationships (IORs), and the technological innovation system (TIS) framework. Utilizing a qualitative-based, multiple case studies approach, the research collected data through in-depth interviews from February to July 2023, and follow-up interviews from September 2023 to February 2024, complemented by secondary data. In total, 52 key informants were interviewed. These included hospital administrators, healthcare practitioners, IT personnel, technology developers, and representatives from policy and promotion agencies, regulators, funding agencies, and research institutions. Thematic analysis was conducted on the transcribed materials in order to synthesize a storyline and to derive relevant insights. The study investigated seven cases of AIrelated innovation adoption in public hospitals in Thailand. These cases vary in terms of sources of innovations and hospital characteristics. The study identified characteristics specific to the innovation adoption process in each case. It also categorized the factors influencing adoption into five groups: organizational factors, ecosystem factors, interorganizational relationships factors, individual factors, and innovation factors. Furthermore, the study established connections between each step of the innovation adoption process and these adoption factors. This research contributes to a better understanding of the innovation adoption process, particularly concerning AI technology adoption, and it builds upon existing literature to enhance knowledge of Rogers’ DOI theory. The research also extends the application of the TOE framework by incorporating determinants related to interorganizational relationships and individual factors in analyzing the factors influencing innovation adoption.
The development of a sustainable retirement savings model in an aging society
Naowarat Kridech; Montree Socatiyanurak (National Institute of Development Administration, 2024)
This research aims to: (1) examine and confirm the components of the causal factors influencing sustainable retirement savings in an aging society; (2) assess the alignment of the structural equation model for sustainable retirement savings in an aging society with empirical data; and (3) explore strategies for developing a sustainable retirement savings model in an aging society. The study employs quantitative and qualitative research methods, along with a literature review on retirement savings in Thailand and internationally. The scope of the research includes examining causal factors comprising five latent variables: the Sufficiency Economy Philosophy, digital literacy, personal financial management, financial literacy, and sustainable retirement savings in an aging society, along with 22 observed variables. The study employs a mixed–methods approach, collecting and analyzing quantitative and qualitative data concurrently within the same time frame and area. The research process is divided into three stages: Stage one is quantitative research. The population includes men and women aged 21–65 residing in 50 districts of Bangkok. The sample consists of 1,060 participants selected through multi–stage sampling. Data collection was conducted using a questionnaire, and the analysis involved confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine alignment with the conceptual framework. Stage two is qualitative research, where data were collected through in–depth interviews with 12 key informants and through open–ended questions in the questionnaire. Stage three is the development of a sustainable savings model for retirement in an aging society. The study compares the alignment between the quantitative and qualitative findings. The quantitative results addressing objectives one and two indicate that the sustainable savings model for retirement in an aging society, with its five latent variables (Sufficiency Economy Philosophy, digital literacy, personal financial management, financial literacy, and sustainable retirement savings), aligns well with the empirical data. The model fit indices are χ² = 224.731, df = 192, p = 0.052, CFI = 0.997, TLI = 0.996, RMSEA = 0.014, SRMR = 0.019, and χ²/df = 1.170. In terms of direct, indirect, and total effects, the strongest direct influence is from digital literacy (DL) on financial literacy (FL) with a value of 0.438, followed by the direct effect of sufficiency economy (SE) on digital literacy (DL) with a value of 0.386. The strongest indirect influence is from the sufficiency economy philosophy (SE) on sustainable retirement savings (SAV), with a value of 0.453, followed by its indirect influence on personal financial management (PF), with a value of 0.322. The qualitative results, addressing objective one, show that applying the sufficiency economy philosophy promotes effective financial management, ethical behavior, and long–term financial stability. Digital literacy enhances access to financial information and management, reducing inequality and promoting broader economic participation. Furthermore, financial literacy supports sustainable financial planning and improved quality of life during retirement, while personal financial management ensures secure and sustainable retirement savings. The integration of quantitative and qualitative findings for objective three highlights a strong alignment, establishing a robust model for sustainable retirement savings in an aging society. Data collected concurrently in Bangkok during July 2024, through a mixed–methods approach, confirmed the significance of key factors—the sufficiency economy philosophy, digital literacy, financial literacy, personal financial management, and sustainable retirement savings in an aging society—via structural equation modeling (SEM). This comprehensive analysis underscores the critical role of digital literacy, financial literacy, and personal financial management, deepening the understanding of key elements and strengthening the model’s applicability and relevance. This research recommends practical applications across academic, social, and public policy domains. Academically, the model can be used to study financial and digital literacy among older adults and to develop higher education curricula. Socially, the findings can guide assessments of social welfare programs' impact on the quality of life of the elderly in both urban and rural areas, enhancing their effectiveness. In terms of policy, the government can use these data to develop financial literacy promotion policies and design retirement savings plans tailored to diverse elderly populations. Researchers can also apply the findings to create structural equation models suited to various socioeconomic contexts, ensuring policy relevance in specific regions. Keywords: Sustainable Retirement Savings Model, Aging Society, Sufficiency Economy Philosophy, Digital Literacy, Personal Financial Management, Financial Literacy
The impact of migration, cross-cultural adjustment, and quality of work life on organizational commitment through job satisfaction as a mediator among Myanmar migrant workers: a case of the apparel industry in Bangkok, Thailand
Pornanong Meephumroo; Boon-Anan Phinaitrup (National Institute of Development Administration, 2024)
With a shortage of domestic labor, Thailand has relied heavily on migrant workers, particularly in the apparel industry in Bangkok. Labor migration is a consequence of such shortage, which affects the country socioeconomically. Therefore, this research is aimed at examining the impact of migration, cross-cultural adjustment, and quality of work life, investigating job satisfaction as a mediator, and developing structural equation modeling for predicting those relationships with organizational commitment among migrant workers. Mixed-methods research has been adopted. For quantitative method research, questionnaires serve as research instruments for data collection from 415 Myanmar migrant workers working for three apparel companies in Bangkok. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling are then used for data analysis. For qualitative method research, in-depth interviews with semi-structured interviews were utilized for data collection from 3 groups of 15 key informants. Those groups include Myanmar migrant workers, factory managers or manufacturing managers, and migrant worker recruitment agencies. The results of descriptive statistics indicate that the agreements on migration, cultural adjustment, quality of work life, and job satisfaction among the respondents were all at a high level. Meanwhile, organizational commitment was at a moderate level. The results of testing the measurement models showed that the construct validity and the discriminant validity of all five latent variables satisfied the assumptions. The results of structural equation modelling (SEM) reveal that cross-cultural adjustment and quality of work life demonstrated positive impacts and indirect relationships with organizational commitment through job satisfaction as a meditating variable at the statistical significance of the .001 level. Job satisfaction had a positive influence on organizational commitment at the statistical significance of the .000 level. In contrast, migration did not show any direct influence on organizational commitment or indirect influence on organizational commitment through job satisfaction as a mediator. Moreover, quality of work life did not show any direct influence on organizational commitment. The results of qualitative method research reveal that the key informants had perceived that migration was the most important economic pull factor, followed by the socio-cultural pull factor and the political push factor. In terms of cross-cultural adjustment, the most important attributes included general adjustment and job adjustment. For quality of work life, the most important attributes were fair wages and welfare, interpersonal relations, and supervision. The most important attribute of organizational commitment was continuance commitment, followed by affective commitment. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods illustrated similar results and directions. For theoretical contributions through testing the hypotheses, the impact of migration, quality of work life, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment provided a better understanding toward the behavior and attitude of migrant workers. For practical contribution, entrepreneurs and related government agencies must establish guidelines for cultural adjustment and quality of work life that affects job satisfaction and leads to organizational commitment. Such guidelines are expected to increase the growth of productivity sustainably. For future research, based on the results of our quantitative method research, job satisfaction serves as a perfect mediator that can exert its influence on the relationship between quality of work life and organizational commitment among migrant workers. However, based on the results of the qualitative method research, potential variables that could contribute to any future research should include perceived fairness, perceived discrimination, and the employers’ behavior. These variables could be used as latent variables, meditating variables, or moderating variables, which were indicated by the key informants. Alternatively, qualitative method research was adopted to explain the phenomenon of living conditions and in-depth working conditions that allow better management of migrant workers.
Digital economy and agricultural development: an analysis an Bimstec Countries
Imbulagodage Don, Indra Kumari; Danuvas Sagarik (National Institute of Development Administration, 2024)
This research investigates the impact of the digital economy on agricultural development in the BIMSTEC region, comprising Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Nepal, India, Bhutan, and Bangladesh. The quantitative approach was followed using data over 10 years (2012-2021), and the qualitative approach was carried out using document analysis. This study assesses different variables such as mobile technologies, computing capacity, Internet capacity, infrastructure development, credit to agriculture, investment in agricultural research, and education level, while controlling for factors including water usage, fertilizer consumption, and land temperature and agricultural land area. The study had to exclude Bhutan in the panel data analysis due to limited data. The findings of the study reveal a positive correlation between Internet and computing capacity in rural areas, and mobile technology. Overall, the study highlights the critical roles of mobile technology, computing capacity, and Internet capacity in driving agricultural development within the BIMSTEC region. It also provides policy recommendations for agricultural development in a digital economy era.
Effectiveness of emergency medical services networks
Chatchanok Karnasuta; Tippawan Lorsuwannarat (National Institute of Development Administration, 2020)
This study is a network of emergency medical services outside of hospitals in the three provinces of Khon Kaen, Nonthaburi, Ubon Ratchathani and Sa Kaeo provinces that has three objectives: 1) to study the operational processes of the network organization in Emergency Medical Services, 2) to study the effectiveness of the network organization in Emergency Medical Services, and 3) to present the models of the network organization in Emergency Medical Services right with Thailand that operated by Qualitative Research Methodology, In-Depth Interview, Focus Group Discussion, Non-Participant Observation and Document Analysis. Khon Kaen provincial's Emergency Medical Service began with team and organization network building by a physician team in Khon Kaen hospital to develop an emergency referral system. They were supported by the International Cooperation Organization and the local administrative organization to join in the establishment of paramedics. That was the beginning of the systematic emergency medical services in Thailand and helped push forward the law to support the emergency medical system. After that, When the incident and disaster plan was later included in the National Economic and Social Development Plan, provincial medical centres and general hospitals started to establish paramedic units; and the local administrative organization started to participate by endorsement to establish district paramedic units. Ubon Ratchathani province began to establish an emergency response and command call centre in the Provincial Health Office. Nonthaburi and Sa Kaeo provinces established emergency response and command call centres at Phranangklao Hospital and Sa Kaeo Crown Prince Hospital. In addition, Ubon Ratchathani and Sa Kaeo province decentralized the management of emergency response and command call centres to perform outside of hospitals to the local administrative organization. The network building of emergency medical service was successful in Khon Kaen, Ubon Ratchathani, and Sa Kaeo province carried out by unity of purposes of leadership initiatives: to save people in emergencies through emergency medical services outside of hospitals. For this reason, emergency medical networks were established by building relationships and trust with other organizations to persuade to apply existing potential and resource in each organization to the establishment of emergency medical services to people. However, Nonthaburi provincial administrator has not contacted yet agreed to conjointly participate in establishing emergency medical service networks in the area yet. The Khon Kaen provincial network administration of Emergency Medical Service was the most effective due to sufficiently building and expanding the number of network members to cover the entire province area, resulting in the performances can be accessed to emergency patients in time. Whereas the Nonthaburi provincial network administration of Emergency Medical Service was the least effective due to an insufficient number of network members, there were no equipment and tools enough to communicate. Sa Kaeo and Ubon Ratchathani provinces affect communicating with people. Local administrative organizations can disseminate the knowledge and understanding to people to decide to call for emergency medical services through appropriate channels. Suggestion: the government should earnestly hasten to transfer the public health missions to the LAO, EMC should provide an understanding of the legitimacy for the performances of emergency medical services outside of hospitals to the LAO; transfer their missions to the Provincial Public Health Office in each region to represent; provide the cooperation with civil society to organize the standardized of emergency medical services; should integrate the emergency medical management of all organizations in the network; including the integration to combine all types of emergency numbers into a number for the convenience of the users' recognition.
A study of the status and role of community organizations in common-pool resource management in terms of public lands
Kittikan Saengngam; Udom Tumkosit (National Institute of Development Administration, 2020)
This dissertation is aimed at studying the status and roles of community organizations to manage common-pool resources or public lands. It is a qualitative research based on data collection, which comprises relevant documentary research along with case studies, field research, in-depth interviews and observations. This study is divided into two parts. Part 1 involves a study of the overall concept of common-pool resource management in terms of public lands in Thailand based on documentary research, which includes documents, policies, laws and relevant research. Part 2 involves field research using the case studies of eight areas, comprised of two groups – Group 1 consists of six communities that efficiently manage public lands through community organizations, namely 1) Nam Phang, Nan Province, 2) Ariyothai Samakkhi, Uthai Thani Province, 3) Ban Lao Nuea, Phrae Province, 4) Ban Don Mu, Ubon Ratchathani Province, 5) Chamaep Phatthana, Ayutthaya Province, and 6) Chao Pho Sombun Shrine 54, Bangkok. These communities were used for the study and analysis of the role that community organizations play in common-pool resource management on public lands, as well as the factors that enable communities and community organizations to be strong and capable of managing public lands. Group 2 - Communities that have disputes over public lands. The dispute partners include “communities that are close to public lands” and “the public or private sector, where the State grants the right to use public lands”. This group is used to analyze loopholes in public land management in two areas: Wa Chong Kho, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, and Huai Mek public lands, Khon Kaen Province. The results of the study reveal that most community organizations that play a role in managing common-pool resources are villagers’ organizations set up by community leaders. Later, they are developed as official organizations and upgraded to community forest committees, land committees or are developed from saving groups to cooperatives. In one community, there may be more than one community organization to manage the common-pool resources of its public lands. Functions are assigned in accordance with each group’s specific ability, but they work together. Based on the case studies, it is evident that each community organization has the same role in managing common-pool resources: 1) drafting regulations to control the use of resources, 2) carrying out resource prevention and maintenance activities, such as forest fire prevention patrols, forest fire buffers and afforestation to enhance fertility, 3) formulating resource management plans and submitting them to the public and private agencies concerned to tender requests for support and the budget, 4) developing community knowledge so that members can efficiently manage resources, and 5) building a network for managing common-pool resources in collaboration with other community organizations in other areas. The factors that strengthen community organizations’ ability to efficiently manage common-pool resources or public lands are comprised of, first - leadership of community organizations. Most leaders or group leaders are respected in the community, as they are official leaders, e.g., village heads, village committee and situational leaders as pioneers or core leaders for solving public land issues in communities, such as forest conservation groups or farmland allocation demanding groups. Key qualifications of leaders include having a sense of joint ownership, to create willing cooperation in preserving community common-pool resources. The second factor involves clear rules concerning the use of common-pool resources. Regulations and penalties are clearly defined. Norms are of great importance for controlling the use of resources, e.g. issuing rules prohibiting the utilizing of resources in community graveyards, which have been abided by from generation to generation. This is more effective than imposing penalties and collecting fines. The third factor involves mechanisms for reducing the factors that promote encroachment and protections against the over-use of resources beyond the defined rules. For example, cooperative groups generate income for community people. If they have sufficient incomes they can reduce their use of resources, regardless of future damage. As a result, those resources are sustainable. As for recommendations regarding the review of laws relating to public land management, in order to enable communities to take part in practically managing public lands, the researcher suggests the following: 1) laws, especially pertaining to community rights, should be issued by pushing for a Community Rights Act, 2) all laws pertaining to forests and national parks should be revised, to be consistent with the constitution, 3) laws on public lands should be amended so that they do not contradict each other, and 4) the possibility of adding measures or sections in the Land Code on rights and ownership on community lands should be studied so that land rights documents can be issued in the form of community rights documents or title deeds.
Collaboration among government, the private sector, and civil society in the southernmost provinces of Thailand
Siriluk Khumphiranont; Anchana Na Ranong (National Institute of Development Administration, 2019)
This research had the objective to study collaboration and the factors which facilitate collaboration between the government, private sector, and civil society in southern border provinces of Thailand. This research also examined problems and obstacles to interagency collaboration across multiple dimensions. Finally, the researcher synthesized the information to develop a proposed model for effective collaboration between government, the private sector, and civil society in the southern border provinces. Data were collected using qualitative methods, such as focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with a sample of 48 key informants, including managers and staff of agencies in the three sectors of interest. The focus was on personnel who had responsibility for inter-agency collaboration. The dimensions of collaboration include the economic sphere, education, justice/security, community/society/culture, and rehabilitation and promotion of quality of life for persons adversely affected by the unrest in the sub-region. Primary data were processed using content analysis, and the results were linked with relevant theory and concepts from the literature. This study of collaboration between the government, private sector, and civil society in the southern border provinces identified different types of cooperation. In the government, there are collaborative partners, networks, and cooperative governance. In the private sector, there are bilateral partners, networks, and arrangements in which the private sector entity is considered a joint owner of the project. Civil society groups usually are part of a network with which the government may have established a working mechanism (Collaborative Governance) and network collaboration (Collaborative Network). This research has identified four principal types of collaborative management: 1) JurisdictionBased Management Model; 2) Top-Down Model; 3) Cooperative and Recipient Management Model (i.e., Donor-Recipient Model); and 4) Reactive Management Model (Reactive Model). As for the structure of the government, most agencies have not created a special unit to manage collaboration with other agencies or sectors. However, if there is a special issue linked to the resolution of unrest in the subregion, an ad hoc unit may be set up for collaboration, including the creation of working mechanisms through various committees. Neither the private sector nor civil society organizations have dedicated units to promote collaboration. However, civil society may take a more proactive approach to support requests for coordination to assist with negotiations with interest groups and advocacy of certain issues. Mechanisms for government collaboration include both formal (i.e., MOUs) and non-formal agreements. The private sector and civil society do not emphasize the importance of having an MOU, but if they do enter into an MOU, that will help build confidence for cooperation. There are both horizontal and vertical collaborative activities. This research was able to identify factors that facilitate cooperation between the government, private sector and civil society in the southern border provinces of Thailand. Starting from the strongest, these factors include the following: Expectation of mutual benefit, mutual agreement, common goals, and information sharing. The factors which obstruct or impede collaboration include (deficiencies in) the following: Resources and management processes, organizational culture and relations between organizations, the structure and mechanism of work, coordination and communication, competency of personnel in the organization, and organizational environment. The synthesis of facilitating and impeding factors was conducted to produce a proposed model which the government can apply to improve prospects for effective collaboration with the private sector and civil society in the southern border provinces of Thailand. The model consists of the following components: 1) Having common goals; 2) Having mutual benefit; 3) Having mutual agreements; 4) Sharing information; 5) Having a supportive structure and mechanism for coordination and communication; 6) Ensuring effective management resources and processes; 7) Promoting a favorable organizational culture and relationships between organizations; 8) Building competency of personnel in the organization; and 9) Creating a favorable organizational environment.
Collaborations in emergency management of the 2011 great flood in Bangkok metropolitan region
Singhanat Rajbhandharak; Anchana Na Ranong (National Institute of Development Administration, 2019)
One of the most debated issues during large scale disaster around the world is how to collaborate the multi-sectors relevant to emergency management to join one mission. The study aimed to explore the contextual and process factors that are associated with implementing inter-organizational collaborative management among multi-sectors; Public organization, Private organization, Government organization and Non-Governmental Organization (P-P-G-N). Collaborative arrangements among all P-P-G-N network are found to be complex, difficult to implement, and liable to failure when not fully explored and recognized. A variety of Qualitative Research methods for collecting data is used to validate and triangulate the data. While participants for interviews would be carefully considered to create diversified proportion among all those three main levels of organizational hierarchy; Strategic level, Tactical level, and Operation level. The framework is developed and validated through multidisciplinary literature synthesis,and the main fieldwork which applies qualitative methods based on multiple group studies from various sectors in the 2011 great flood in Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR).The Findings of this dissertation was primarily to provide a comprehensive framework for collaborations in crisis and emergency management in Thailand. Findings reveal that Successful collaborations in Emergency Management depends on five themes; 1) Disaster Planning and Management Capacity building for large scale disaster, 2) Integrated mass communication in large scale disaster, 3) Integrated flood mitigation measures, 4) Integrated response and relief and 5) Emergency management governance and legislation Such a framework will serve as a guideline for all spheres of sectors at all level in order to implement emergency management during crisis or large scale disaster in an effective and efficient manner. It also can help public policy-makers, public managers, academics, and collaborating organizations in identifying the inhibitive, supportive prerequisites, and in general influencing contextual factors. Eventually the unmeasurable damage can be reduced. The concept of this study can be called “Collaborations in Emergency Management (CbEM)" which would help the relevant organization to turn tragic into victory when large scale disaster strike in the future
People's participation in public policy process : a case study of participation in ordinance making of local administrative organizations in Suphanburi, Thailand
Tanasarn Chongpanish; Achakorn Wongpreedee (National Institute of Development Administration, 2019)
This study aimed: 1) to study the development of local administration in Suphanburi, Thailand, emphasizing people’s participation in policy-making process,i.e. local ordinance; 2) to study and identify the obstacles regarding local ordinances by people’s initiatives in the local administration organizations in Suphanburi; and 3) to provide solutions and policy recommendations for people’s participation in the local administration in the case of local ordinances by people’s initiative in Suphanburi and the entire country of Thailand. The research questions are: 1) How does the development of local administration in Suphanburi emphasize people’s participation in the policy-making process and ordinance creation?; 2) Why have the local ordinances by people’s initiatives in Suphanburi never been enforced, and what are the obstacles?; and 3) What are the solutions regarding people’s participation in the local administration in the case of local ordinances by people’s initiative in Suphanburi and for Thailand overall? This study used qualitative research methods. The data obtained were of two types of data; primary data were from field survey, in-depth interviews, and focus group interviews; secondary data were from related documents, ordinances, research, and academic articles. The key informants were the government officers responsible for supervising local administrative organizations, executives in the local administrative organizations, community leaders, and law experts The results of this research provide solutions regarding the problems surrounding people’s participation local administrations, policy recommendations, and recommendations for future research. The three main research questions were asked in order to ascertain the obstacles to the people’s participation in local ordinance creation in Suphanburi. The research results revealed that the total of participation rate in Suphanburi was at a medium to low level. Although the local administrative organizations encourage the people to participate in public hearings, the results turned out to be not attractive. The main obstacle concerned the socio-economic problems, i.e. level of education, poverty, and local ways of life. The second obstacle involved the laws, rules, and regulations related to the local administrations. The third obstacle was the local political culture of Suphanburi. Therefore, the results confirmed the hypotheses that the three obstacles were the main problems concerning the people’s participation in the creation of the local ordinances in Suphanburi. The research results showed that the model of people’s participation in the creation of the local ordinances introduced by the western countries could not be applied to the locals in Suphanburi. The bureaucrats that are working closely with the people are not proactive enough to encourage the participation rate. At the same time, the local people were bored, inactive, and did not see the importance of participation in their local ordinance creation process. At the end of this research, the researcher made two levels of policy recommendations: government policy recommendations and local administrative organization recommendations. The increase of people’s participation in local ordinance creation must be carried out by the people themselves with the full of support from the government. The government should launch policy to lift up the people’s quality of life, education, and opportunity for making a living, and meanwhile the local people should acknowledge their rights and duties of citizenship; they should be responsible for their local hometown and not just wait for government support.
The effects of knowledge management on employee performance
Kanokwan Srisunthorn; Tippawan Lorsuwannarat (National Institute of Development Administration, 2022)
The objective of this study is to develop a model for the effects of knowledge management on employee performance and to test the relationship of the variables, transformational leadership, knowledge management process, and employee competency effecting employee performance: Cases of Thai State Enterprises in the Electricity Sector. The conceptual framework uses the concept of Resource Base View. This research study is a mixed research. This is a research that uses both quantitative and qualitative methods together, to find answers to the research hypotheses. The population used in the study was the personnel of Thai state enterprises in the electricity sector, comprising the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand, Provincial Electricity Authority, and Metropolitan Electricity Authority. The study population comprised personnel under the Central Office totaling 12,615 persons. The study used electronic questionnaires as a tool to collect data until a total of 1,213 responses were obtained, and used correlation test statistics and Multiple Regression Analysis in the inferential statistical test. In addition, to support the results of the quantitative research, qualitative research through in-depth interviews was used as a tool to describe the results in detail. The results of the quantitative research found that the relationship of the variables was consistent according to the conceptual framework and the research hypothesis. On transformational leadership, there was a high level of positive correlation with employee performance. Transformational leadership had a moderately positive correlation with employee competency. The knowledge management process had a relatively high positive correlation with employee performance. Employee competency was highly positively correlated with employee performance. Transformational leadership was positively correlated with employee performance through the Partial Mediator employee competency variable. Transformational leadership showed a positive correlation to employee performance through the partial mediator knowledge management process using qualitative data obtained from interviews. The quantitative research results were supported by qualitative data. The results of the quantitative study found that factors support correlation with employees’ good performance, opportunity, empathy, and morale, and help them get mentoring, trust, and involvement in introducing new ideas, as well as seeing the value and importance of work from supervisors or colleagues when they have a leader with good policy and vision, good welfare and there is promotion for the development of people's competency within the organization. In addition, the personnel must be committed to self-development. The success factor of knowledge management in organizations comes from the commitment of the top leaders, having guidelines that are consistent with government policy and state enterprise assessment, as well as emphasizing knowledge management processes as the basis of innovation. There is an exchange of knowledge and having access to knowledge through information technology. Future research studies should be “The effects of knowledge management on employee innovation”.
Success of the implementation of elderly welfare system policy under sustainability principles in the northeast of Thailand
Saratsanun Unnopporn; Achakorn Wongpreedee (National Institute of Development Administration, 2023)
This dissertation is the study of research and development aimed at 1) examining the success factors of implementing policies for the elderly welfare system in the northeast region of Thailand; 2) comparing the success of implementing policies for elderly welfare under the sustainable development principles in the northeast region of Thailand classified by the characteristics of the sample population; 3) explaining the relationship among the factors that affect the success of implementing policies for elderly welfare under the sustainable development principles in the northeastern region of Thailand; 4) evaluating the success of the implementing policies for elderly welfare under the sustainable development principles in the northeastern region of Thailand; and 5) proposing a model for the success of implementing policies for elderly welfare under the sustainable development principle in the northeastern region of Thailand. The population of this research is 3,386,357 elderly people on welfare in 20 provinces in the northeast of Thailand using statistics on the elderly in 2021. The researcher has determined the sample group used in the study at the confidence level of 95 percent using the table of Krejcie and Morgan table (1970). A total of 400 samples was used in this study using stratified random sampling and purposive sampling methods. The key informants were fifteen government agencies involved in policy implementation requirements (with at least seven years of policy-driving experience) by using the purposive sampling method and focus groups. Regarding the data analysis according to objective one, according to the basic data from the questionnaire respondents, it was found that the majority of the respondents were female aged between 71 to 75 years with an education below the bachelor's degree and with work experience between five and 10 years, staying with their family, working as a hired worker or salesperson, had a family income of 10,000 to 30,000 baht, and the main sources of income were from self-employment. The data analysis on the elderly welfare system's needs revealed that, in general, the demand for the elderly welfare system was high (mean=3.64, SD=0.43). The analysis of the data regarding the needs of the elderly welfare system revealed that the implementation of elderly welfare policies, in general, was at high level (=3.95, S.D.=0.51). According to the management structure that emphasizes work according to function and top-down command, management was carried out in the form of "covering the ground" and overlooked the potential and diversity of the area. This has led to problems and obstacles in development, both at the policy and operational levels: 1. separation between social service and health service work leads to a lack of continuity and strength in service delivery; 2. changes in politics have resulted in a lack of continuity for various policy projects; 3. there is still a lack of budget and personnel with expertise and abilities in the field of elderly care, particularly within local organizations; and 4. the social welfare provided by the state to elderly people is still insufficient and does not fully meet the real needs of the elderly, including those that are entitled to receive such benefits. The development guidelines from this study are as follows. One, in terms of social network development, management has a responsibility to participate in planning and budget allocation, which will lead to successful achievement of goals. Further, public sector organizations must comply with development plans and social welfare, with budget evaluations that are transparent and secure. Moreover, there should be a system in place for equitable services, including local government agencies, private sector organizations, and the public. Two, in terms of the sustainable development plan, the sustainability and stability of the plan can be analyzed through evaluation and testing in order to ensure that resources are managed and provided sustainably in the future.
The achievements of the community policing plan through the collaboration of the supervising commission of police station administration
Kanjanawan Chuenarom; Chandra-nuj Mahakanjana (National Institute of Development Administration, 2023)
This research aims to explore the relationship between the community policing plan and the achievements of the community policing plan implementation through collaborative process and to propose a structural equation model for the achievements on the implementation of community policing plan. It is a cross-sectional study with a mixed-method approach using the quantitative data from a total of 600 non-police from the Supervising Commission of Police Station Administration (SCPSA). The analysis was carried out through descriptive statistics, first-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and the second-order CFA using the AMOS program. The qualitative data are gathered through in-depth interviews with five key informants. The findings from the qualified samples indicated that the proposed structural equation model fitted the empirical data, fit indices: χ²/df = 2.996, CFI = .960, TLI = .956, RMSEA = .058, RMR = .009. This clearly showed that the SCPSA's collaborative process played the partial mediating role between the community policing plan and the achievements on the implement of the community policing plan at a statistically significant 0.001 level (ꞵ =.610, z-test = 9.255, p < .001). Additionally, qualitative research results confirmed that the CP plan should comprise of plan content, plan-driven organization, and plan implementer, for supporting their implementation effectively. However, it was found that SCPSA's execution of the CP plan has not been successful, because the degrees of citizen power are limited. This study, therefore, suggests that the achievements of police station administration through the multi-sectors collaboration demand more attention from the leaders of police station.

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