GSPA: Dissertations

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The effect of E-Government and good governance on rebuilding trust in government of Sri Lanka : an empirical study of E-Government
Pathirage, Ishani Anuradha; Pairote Pathranarakul (National Institute of Development Administration, 2022)
The repeated commitment to studies on trust in government is ample within both academia and practitioners. Although, the causes of decreasing trust have been extensively studied. Little has been done on how to restore trust, especially in developing countries. Scholars interested in studying rebuilding trust in government have proposed e-government and good governance as possible mechanisms. Thus, in this study the researcher has raised two important research questions: what effect does e-government have in the process of rebuilding trust in the government of Sri Lanka, and to what extent does good governance mediate the relationship between egovernment and trust in the government of Sri Lanka? In addressing these, this study used mixed methods, major quantitative approach with additional input from qualitative data. Primary data were collected from 281 e-government users through self- administered and researcher-administered questionnaires. The secondary data collected were from assessment reports, government policies, and past research. The quantitative data were analyzed using partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using Smart-PLS software. Content analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. The findings indicated that e-government has effects on trust in the government in the context of Sri Lanka. However, of the three dimensions, only information quality and system quality were significant. Service quality was not a concern of Sri Lankan citizens. Although statistical analysis showed that egovernment was important in the process of trust building, qualitative inquiry did not reveal adequate evidences to support the hypothesis. People demanded a transparent government, efficient service delivery, an accountable government, and a participatory government. Further, the results suggest that good governance significantly and positively affects the trust in government. In addition, each of the four dimensions were found to be significant. The two methods showed consistently that good governance is critical in the process of rebuilding trust in government. More so, good governance partially mediates the relationship between e-government and trust in government. The results of these analyses made two primary contributions. First, the study contributed to the literature on trust in government providing detailed evidences on the possible mechanisms to be adapted by the government of Sri Lanka. Second, while taking in to consideration the deficiencies in the existing literature, this study contributes by confirming the mediating role of good governance in the relationship between e-government and trust in government.
Effectiveness of emergency medical services networks
Chatchanok Karnasuta; Tippawan Lorsuwannarat (National Institute of Development Administration, 2020)
This study is a network of emergency medical services outside of hospitals in the three provinces of Khon Kaen, Nonthaburi, Ubon Ratchathani and Sa Kaeo provinces that has three objectives: 1) to study the operational processes of the network organization in Emergency Medical Services, 2) to study the effectiveness of the network organization in Emergency Medical Services, and 3) to present the models of the network organization in Emergency Medical Services right with Thailand that operated by Qualitative Research Methodology, In-Depth Interview, Focus Group Discussion, Non-Participant Observation and Document Analysis. Khon Kaen provincial's Emergency Medical Service began with team and organization network building by a physician team in Khon Kaen hospital to develop an emergency referral system. They were supported by the International Cooperation Organization and the local administrative organization to join in the establishment of paramedics. That was the beginning of the systematic emergency medical services in Thailand and helped push forward the law to support the emergency medical system. After that, When the incident and disaster plan was later included in the National Economic and Social Development Plan, provincial medical centres and general hospitals started to establish paramedic units; and the local administrative organization started to participate by endorsement to establish district paramedic units. Ubon Ratchathani province began to establish an emergency response and command call centre in the Provincial Health Office. Nonthaburi and Sa Kaeo provinces established emergency response and command call centres at Phranangklao Hospital and Sa Kaeo Crown Prince Hospital. In addition, Ubon Ratchathani and Sa Kaeo province decentralized the management of emergency response and command call centres to perform outside of hospitals to the local administrative organization. The network building of emergency medical service was successful in Khon Kaen, Ubon Ratchathani, and Sa Kaeo province carried out by unity of purposes of leadership initiatives: to save people in emergencies through emergency medical services outside of hospitals. For this reason, emergency medical networks were established by building relationships and trust with other organizations to persuade to apply existing potential and resource in each organization to the establishment of emergency medical services to people. However, Nonthaburi provincial administrator has not contacted yet agreed to conjointly participate in establishing emergency medical service networks in the area yet. The Khon Kaen provincial network administration of Emergency Medical Service was the most effective due to sufficiently building and expanding the number of network members to cover the entire province area, resulting in the performances can be accessed to emergency patients in time. Whereas the Nonthaburi provincial network administration of Emergency Medical Service was the least effective due to an insufficient number of network members, there were no equipment and tools enough to communicate. Sa Kaeo and Ubon Ratchathani provinces affect communicating with people. Local administrative organizations can disseminate the knowledge and understanding to people to decide to call for emergency medical services through appropriate channels. Suggestion: the government should earnestly hasten to transfer the public health missions to the LAO, EMC should provide an understanding of the legitimacy for the performances of emergency medical services outside of hospitals to the LAO; transfer their missions to the Provincial Public Health Office in each region to represent; provide the cooperation with civil society to organize the standardized of emergency medical services; should integrate the emergency medical management of all organizations in the network; including the integration to combine all types of emergency numbers into a number for the convenience of the users' recognition.
A study of the status and role of community organizations in common-pool resource management in terms of public lands
Kittikan Saengngam; Udom Tumkosit (National Institute of Development Administration, 2020)
This dissertation is aimed at studying the status and roles of community organizations to manage common-pool resources or public lands. It is a qualitative research based on data collection, which comprises relevant documentary research along with case studies, field research, in-depth interviews and observations. This study is divided into two parts. Part 1 involves a study of the overall concept of common-pool resource management in terms of public lands in Thailand based on documentary research, which includes documents, policies, laws and relevant research. Part 2 involves field research using the case studies of eight areas, comprised of two groups – Group 1 consists of six communities that efficiently manage public lands through community organizations, namely 1) Nam Phang, Nan Province, 2) Ariyothai Samakkhi, Uthai Thani Province, 3) Ban Lao Nuea, Phrae Province, 4) Ban Don Mu, Ubon Ratchathani Province, 5) Chamaep Phatthana, Ayutthaya Province, and 6) Chao Pho Sombun Shrine 54, Bangkok. These communities were used for the study and analysis of the role that community organizations play in common-pool resource management on public lands, as well as the factors that enable communities and community organizations to be strong and capable of managing public lands. Group 2 - Communities that have disputes over public lands. The dispute partners include “communities that are close to public lands” and “the public or private sector, where the State grants the right to use public lands”. This group is used to analyze loopholes in public land management in two areas: Wa Chong Kho, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, and Huai Mek public lands, Khon Kaen Province. The results of the study reveal that most community organizations that play a role in managing common-pool resources are villagers’ organizations set up by community leaders. Later, they are developed as official organizations and upgraded to community forest committees, land committees or are developed from saving groups to cooperatives. In one community, there may be more than one community organization to manage the common-pool resources of its public lands. Functions are assigned in accordance with each group’s specific ability, but they work together. Based on the case studies, it is evident that each community organization has the same role in managing common-pool resources: 1) drafting regulations to control the use of resources, 2) carrying out resource prevention and maintenance activities, such as forest fire prevention patrols, forest fire buffers and afforestation to enhance fertility, 3) formulating resource management plans and submitting them to the public and private agencies concerned to tender requests for support and the budget, 4) developing community knowledge so that members can efficiently manage resources, and 5) building a network for managing common-pool resources in collaboration with other community organizations in other areas. The factors that strengthen community organizations’ ability to efficiently manage common-pool resources or public lands are comprised of, first - leadership of community organizations. Most leaders or group leaders are respected in the community, as they are official leaders, e.g., village heads, village committee and situational leaders as pioneers or core leaders for solving public land issues in communities, such as forest conservation groups or farmland allocation demanding groups. Key qualifications of leaders include having a sense of joint ownership, to create willing cooperation in preserving community common-pool resources. The second factor involves clear rules concerning the use of common-pool resources. Regulations and penalties are clearly defined. Norms are of great importance for controlling the use of resources, e.g. issuing rules prohibiting the utilizing of resources in community graveyards, which have been abided by from generation to generation. This is more effective than imposing penalties and collecting fines. The third factor involves mechanisms for reducing the factors that promote encroachment and protections against the over-use of resources beyond the defined rules. For example, cooperative groups generate income for community people. If they have sufficient incomes they can reduce their use of resources, regardless of future damage. As a result, those resources are sustainable. As for recommendations regarding the review of laws relating to public land management, in order to enable communities to take part in practically managing public lands, the researcher suggests the following: 1) laws, especially pertaining to community rights, should be issued by pushing for a Community Rights Act, 2) all laws pertaining to forests and national parks should be revised, to be consistent with the constitution, 3) laws on public lands should be amended so that they do not contradict each other, and 4) the possibility of adding measures or sections in the Land Code on rights and ownership on community lands should be studied so that land rights documents can be issued in the form of community rights documents or title deeds.
Collaboration among government, the private sector, and civil society in the southernmost provinces of Thailand
Siriluk Khumphiranont; Anchana Na Ranong (National Institute of Development Administration, 2019)
This research had the objective to study collaboration and the factors which facilitate collaboration between the government, private sector, and civil society in southern border provinces of Thailand. This research also examined problems and obstacles to interagency collaboration across multiple dimensions. Finally, the researcher synthesized the information to develop a proposed model for effective collaboration between government, the private sector, and civil society in the southern border provinces. Data were collected using qualitative methods, such as focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with a sample of 48 key informants, including managers and staff of agencies in the three sectors of interest. The focus was on personnel who had responsibility for inter-agency collaboration. The dimensions of collaboration include the economic sphere, education, justice/security, community/society/culture, and rehabilitation and promotion of quality of life for persons adversely affected by the unrest in the sub-region. Primary data were processed using content analysis, and the results were linked with relevant theory and concepts from the literature. This study of collaboration between the government, private sector, and civil society in the southern border provinces identified different types of cooperation. In the government, there are collaborative partners, networks, and cooperative governance. In the private sector, there are bilateral partners, networks, and arrangements in which the private sector entity is considered a joint owner of the project. Civil society groups usually are part of a network with which the government may have established a working mechanism (Collaborative Governance) and network collaboration (Collaborative Network). This research has identified four principal types of collaborative management: 1) JurisdictionBased Management Model; 2) Top-Down Model; 3) Cooperative and Recipient Management Model (i.e., Donor-Recipient Model); and 4) Reactive Management Model (Reactive Model). As for the structure of the government, most agencies have not created a special unit to manage collaboration with other agencies or sectors. However, if there is a special issue linked to the resolution of unrest in the subregion, an ad hoc unit may be set up for collaboration, including the creation of working mechanisms through various committees. Neither the private sector nor civil society organizations have dedicated units to promote collaboration. However, civil society may take a more proactive approach to support requests for coordination to assist with negotiations with interest groups and advocacy of certain issues. Mechanisms for government collaboration include both formal (i.e., MOUs) and non-formal agreements. The private sector and civil society do not emphasize the importance of having an MOU, but if they do enter into an MOU, that will help build confidence for cooperation. There are both horizontal and vertical collaborative activities. This research was able to identify factors that facilitate cooperation between the government, private sector and civil society in the southern border provinces of Thailand. Starting from the strongest, these factors include the following: Expectation of mutual benefit, mutual agreement, common goals, and information sharing. The factors which obstruct or impede collaboration include (deficiencies in) the following: Resources and management processes, organizational culture and relations between organizations, the structure and mechanism of work, coordination and communication, competency of personnel in the organization, and organizational environment. The synthesis of facilitating and impeding factors was conducted to produce a proposed model which the government can apply to improve prospects for effective collaboration with the private sector and civil society in the southern border provinces of Thailand. The model consists of the following components: 1) Having common goals; 2) Having mutual benefit; 3) Having mutual agreements; 4) Sharing information; 5) Having a supportive structure and mechanism for coordination and communication; 6) Ensuring effective management resources and processes; 7) Promoting a favorable organizational culture and relationships between organizations; 8) Building competency of personnel in the organization; and 9) Creating a favorable organizational environment.
Collaborations in emergency management of the 2011 great flood in Bangkok metropolitan region
Singhanat Rajbhandharak; Anchana Na Ranong (National Institute of Development Administration, 2019)
One of the most debated issues during large scale disaster around the world is how to collaborate the multi-sectors relevant to emergency management to join one mission. The study aimed to explore the contextual and process factors that are associated with implementing inter-organizational collaborative management among multi-sectors; Public organization, Private organization, Government organization and Non-Governmental Organization (P-P-G-N). Collaborative arrangements among all P-P-G-N network are found to be complex, difficult to implement, and liable to failure when not fully explored and recognized. A variety of Qualitative Research methods for collecting data is used to validate and triangulate the data. While participants for interviews would be carefully considered to create diversified proportion among all those three main levels of organizational hierarchy; Strategic level, Tactical level, and Operation level. The framework is developed and validated through multidisciplinary literature synthesis,and the main fieldwork which applies qualitative methods based on multiple group studies from various sectors in the 2011 great flood in Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR).The Findings of this dissertation was primarily to provide a comprehensive framework for collaborations in crisis and emergency management in Thailand. Findings reveal that Successful collaborations in Emergency Management depends on five themes; 1) Disaster Planning and Management Capacity building for large scale disaster, 2) Integrated mass communication in large scale disaster, 3) Integrated flood mitigation measures, 4) Integrated response and relief and 5) Emergency management governance and legislation Such a framework will serve as a guideline for all spheres of sectors at all level in order to implement emergency management during crisis or large scale disaster in an effective and efficient manner. It also can help public policy-makers, public managers, academics, and collaborating organizations in identifying the inhibitive, supportive prerequisites, and in general influencing contextual factors. Eventually the unmeasurable damage can be reduced. The concept of this study can be called “Collaborations in Emergency Management (CbEM)" which would help the relevant organization to turn tragic into victory when large scale disaster strike in the future
People's participation in public policy process : a case study of participation in ordinance making of local administrative organizations in Suphanburi, Thailand
Tanasarn Chongpanish; Achakorn Wongpreedee (National Institute of Development Administration, 2019)
This study aimed: 1) to study the development of local administration in Suphanburi, Thailand, emphasizing people’s participation in policy-making process,i.e. local ordinance; 2) to study and identify the obstacles regarding local ordinances by people’s initiatives in the local administration organizations in Suphanburi; and 3) to provide solutions and policy recommendations for people’s participation in the local administration in the case of local ordinances by people’s initiative in Suphanburi and the entire country of Thailand. The research questions are: 1) How does the development of local administration in Suphanburi emphasize people’s participation in the policy-making process and ordinance creation?; 2) Why have the local ordinances by people’s initiatives in Suphanburi never been enforced, and what are the obstacles?; and 3) What are the solutions regarding people’s participation in the local administration in the case of local ordinances by people’s initiative in Suphanburi and for Thailand overall? This study used qualitative research methods. The data obtained were of two types of data; primary data were from field survey, in-depth interviews, and focus group interviews; secondary data were from related documents, ordinances, research, and academic articles. The key informants were the government officers responsible for supervising local administrative organizations, executives in the local administrative organizations, community leaders, and law experts The results of this research provide solutions regarding the problems surrounding people’s participation local administrations, policy recommendations, and recommendations for future research. The three main research questions were asked in order to ascertain the obstacles to the people’s participation in local ordinance creation in Suphanburi. The research results revealed that the total of participation rate in Suphanburi was at a medium to low level. Although the local administrative organizations encourage the people to participate in public hearings, the results turned out to be not attractive. The main obstacle concerned the socio-economic problems, i.e. level of education, poverty, and local ways of life. The second obstacle involved the laws, rules, and regulations related to the local administrations. The third obstacle was the local political culture of Suphanburi. Therefore, the results confirmed the hypotheses that the three obstacles were the main problems concerning the people’s participation in the creation of the local ordinances in Suphanburi. The research results showed that the model of people’s participation in the creation of the local ordinances introduced by the western countries could not be applied to the locals in Suphanburi. The bureaucrats that are working closely with the people are not proactive enough to encourage the participation rate. At the same time, the local people were bored, inactive, and did not see the importance of participation in their local ordinance creation process. At the end of this research, the researcher made two levels of policy recommendations: government policy recommendations and local administrative organization recommendations. The increase of people’s participation in local ordinance creation must be carried out by the people themselves with the full of support from the government. The government should launch policy to lift up the people’s quality of life, education, and opportunity for making a living, and meanwhile the local people should acknowledge their rights and duties of citizenship; they should be responsible for their local hometown and not just wait for government support.
The effects of knowledge management on employee performance
Kanokwan Srisunthorn; Tippawan Lorsuwannarat (National Institute of Development Administration, 2022)
The objective of this study is to develop a model for the effects of knowledge management on employee performance and to test the relationship of the variables, transformational leadership, knowledge management process, and employee competency effecting employee performance: Cases of Thai State Enterprises in the Electricity Sector. The conceptual framework uses the concept of Resource Base View. This research study is a mixed research. This is a research that uses both quantitative and qualitative methods together, to find answers to the research hypotheses. The population used in the study was the personnel of Thai state enterprises in the electricity sector, comprising the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand, Provincial Electricity Authority, and Metropolitan Electricity Authority. The study population comprised personnel under the Central Office totaling 12,615 persons. The study used electronic questionnaires as a tool to collect data until a total of 1,213 responses were obtained, and used correlation test statistics and Multiple Regression Analysis in the inferential statistical test. In addition, to support the results of the quantitative research, qualitative research through in-depth interviews was used as a tool to describe the results in detail. The results of the quantitative research found that the relationship of the variables was consistent according to the conceptual framework and the research hypothesis. On transformational leadership, there was a high level of positive correlation with employee performance. Transformational leadership had a moderately positive correlation with employee competency. The knowledge management process had a relatively high positive correlation with employee performance. Employee competency was highly positively correlated with employee performance. Transformational leadership was positively correlated with employee performance through the Partial Mediator employee competency variable. Transformational leadership showed a positive correlation to employee performance through the partial mediator knowledge management process using qualitative data obtained from interviews. The quantitative research results were supported by qualitative data. The results of the quantitative study found that factors support correlation with employees’ good performance, opportunity, empathy, and morale, and help them get mentoring, trust, and involvement in introducing new ideas, as well as seeing the value and importance of work from supervisors or colleagues when they have a leader with good policy and vision, good welfare and there is promotion for the development of people's competency within the organization. In addition, the personnel must be committed to self-development. The success factor of knowledge management in organizations comes from the commitment of the top leaders, having guidelines that are consistent with government policy and state enterprise assessment, as well as emphasizing knowledge management processes as the basis of innovation. There is an exchange of knowledge and having access to knowledge through information technology. Future research studies should be “The effects of knowledge management on employee innovation”.
Success of the implementation of elderly welfare system policy under sustainability principles in the northeast of Thailand
Saratsanun Unnopporn; Achakorn Wongpreedee (National Institute of Development Administration, 2023)
This dissertation is the study of research and development aimed at 1) examining the success factors of implementing policies for the elderly welfare system in the northeast region of Thailand; 2) comparing the success of implementing policies for elderly welfare under the sustainable development principles in the northeast region of Thailand classified by the characteristics of the sample population; 3) explaining the relationship among the factors that affect the success of implementing policies for elderly welfare under the sustainable development principles in the northeastern region of Thailand; 4) evaluating the success of the implementing policies for elderly welfare under the sustainable development principles in the northeastern region of Thailand; and 5) proposing a model for the success of implementing policies for elderly welfare under the sustainable development principle in the northeastern region of Thailand. The population of this research is 3,386,357 elderly people on welfare in 20 provinces in the northeast of Thailand using statistics on the elderly in 2021. The researcher has determined the sample group used in the study at the confidence level of 95 percent using the table of Krejcie and Morgan table (1970). A total of 400 samples was used in this study using stratified random sampling and purposive sampling methods. The key informants were fifteen government agencies involved in policy implementation requirements (with at least seven years of policy-driving experience) by using the purposive sampling method and focus groups. Regarding the data analysis according to objective one, according to the basic data from the questionnaire respondents, it was found that the majority of the respondents were female aged between 71 to 75 years with an education below the bachelor's degree and with work experience between five and 10 years, staying with their family, working as a hired worker or salesperson, had a family income of 10,000 to 30,000 baht, and the main sources of income were from self-employment. The data analysis on the elderly welfare system's needs revealed that, in general, the demand for the elderly welfare system was high (mean=3.64, SD=0.43). The analysis of the data regarding the needs of the elderly welfare system revealed that the implementation of elderly welfare policies, in general, was at high level (=3.95, S.D.=0.51). According to the management structure that emphasizes work according to function and top-down command, management was carried out in the form of "covering the ground" and overlooked the potential and diversity of the area. This has led to problems and obstacles in development, both at the policy and operational levels: 1. separation between social service and health service work leads to a lack of continuity and strength in service delivery; 2. changes in politics have resulted in a lack of continuity for various policy projects; 3. there is still a lack of budget and personnel with expertise and abilities in the field of elderly care, particularly within local organizations; and 4. the social welfare provided by the state to elderly people is still insufficient and does not fully meet the real needs of the elderly, including those that are entitled to receive such benefits. The development guidelines from this study are as follows. One, in terms of social network development, management has a responsibility to participate in planning and budget allocation, which will lead to successful achievement of goals. Further, public sector organizations must comply with development plans and social welfare, with budget evaluations that are transparent and secure. Moreover, there should be a system in place for equitable services, including local government agencies, private sector organizations, and the public. Two, in terms of the sustainable development plan, the sustainability and stability of the plan can be analyzed through evaluation and testing in order to ensure that resources are managed and provided sustainably in the future.
The achievements of the community policing plan through the collaboration of the supervising commission of police station administration
Kanjanawan Chuenarom; Chandra-nuj Mahakanjana (National Institute of Development Administration, 2023)
This research aims to explore the relationship between the community policing plan and the achievements of the community policing plan implementation through collaborative process and to propose a structural equation model for the achievements on the implementation of community policing plan. It is a cross-sectional study with a mixed-method approach using the quantitative data from a total of 600 non-police from the Supervising Commission of Police Station Administration (SCPSA). The analysis was carried out through descriptive statistics, first-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and the second-order CFA using the AMOS program. The qualitative data are gathered through in-depth interviews with five key informants. The findings from the qualified samples indicated that the proposed structural equation model fitted the empirical data, fit indices: χ²/df = 2.996, CFI = .960, TLI = .956, RMSEA = .058, RMR = .009. This clearly showed that the SCPSA's collaborative process played the partial mediating role between the community policing plan and the achievements on the implement of the community policing plan at a statistically significant 0.001 level (ꞵ =.610, z-test = 9.255, p < .001). Additionally, qualitative research results confirmed that the CP plan should comprise of plan content, plan-driven organization, and plan implementer, for supporting their implementation effectively. However, it was found that SCPSA's execution of the CP plan has not been successful, because the degrees of citizen power are limited. This study, therefore, suggests that the achievements of police station administration through the multi-sectors collaboration demand more attention from the leaders of police station.
Causal relationships of factors affecting community empowerment for drug prevention and solutions on the north-eastern Thai border
Narissara Jariyapan; Chindalak Vadhanasindhu (National Institute of Development Administration, 2022)
The study of causal relationships of factors affecting community empowerment for drug prevention and solutions on the North-eastern Thai border aims to study the relationships and develop a causal model of factors affecting community empowerment, and to put forward suggestions for drug prevention and solutions along the North-eastern Thai border. This mixed-method research was conducted using a qualitative approach. A questionnaire was used as the research instrument, which collected data from a sample of 385 villages. The unit of data analysis was the villages in seven districts from seven provinces along the North-eastern Thai border. The data were analyzed using structural equation model analysis and qualitative research. In-depth interviews were used to collect information from six key informants who had knowledge and expertise in drug prevention and solutions on the North-eastern Thai border. Results of the study found that the developed causal model of factors affecting community empowerment for drug prevention and solutions on the North-eastern Thai border were consistent with the empirical data. Such causal factors, which include the variables concerning a Sense of Community, public participation, social capital, and transformational leadership, were able to collectively explain the variance of 55% of the community empowerment for drug prevention and solutions. The variable that exerted the greatest influence on community empowerment for drug prevention and solutions was a Sense of Community. The variable that exerted the greatest direct influence on community empowerment for drug prevention and solutions was social capital, while the most prominent mediating variable was public participation. Therefore, the approach to empowering a community for drug prevention and solutions should focus on increasing local people’s sense of community, their sense of ownership of the local area, and the problems that can both directly and indirectly affect them and their families. This also includes creating mutual trust, building trust for the leader, and developing feelings of homogeneity and security to incorporate news and information that can be considered important in preventing drug problems in border areas. Furthermore, the public should be motivated to take part in the operation for a truly inclusive purpose, with government agencies only playing a role as supporters of the operation or as mentors. In addition, at the policy level, policies should be established that are continuous and aim for long-term outcomes for sustainable solutions.
The acceptance of waste power plant of communities in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province
Tharinee Jariyapayuklert; Chindalak Vadhanasindhu (National Institute of Development Administration, 2022)
This research on the acceptance of waste power plants among communities in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province aims to: 1) study the level of acceptance of a waste-to-energy power plant in communities in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, 2) identify factors affecting the acceptance of a waste-to-energy power plant in communities within Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, and 3) suggest guidelines for building acceptance for a waste-to-energy power plant amongst communities in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. The study sample consisted of individuals residing in eight areas within a 3-kilometer radius of the construction site of a community waste-to-energy power plant in Muang District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, including Na Khian Sub-district, Na Sai Sub-district, Pak Phun Sub-district, Tha Sak Sub-district, Pak Nakhon Sub-district, Pho Sadet Sub-district, Klang Sub-district, and Tha Wang Sub-district. The Yamane formula was used to select a sample of 398 people, and data were collected using a questionnaire. Statistical package programs were utilized to analyze mean, frequency, standard deviation, and multi-collinearity. The results showed that: The majority of the sample were females with an average age of 39.58 years, residing mainly in Pho Sadet Sub-district, working as general contractors, with a monthly income ranging between 5,001-10,000 baht, and possessing a junior high school/vocational certificate. They were neither leaders nor members of any village groups, and lived in detached houses. The overall level of acceptance of the waste-to-energy power plant in the communities of Nakhon Si Thammarat Province was found to be at a “moderate” level. Individual factors in aspects of people’s perceptions of news, and people’s knowledge and understanding; and social factors in aspects of the ability to communicate by community leaders, and community leaders’ ability to motivate and affect the level of acceptance of a waste-to-energy power plant in communities in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province with a statistical significance of 0.001. On the other hand, impact factors in the aspect of concerns about change in the community can affect the level of acceptance of a waste-to-energy power plant in those communities in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province with a statistical significance of 0.01. To promote the acceptance of the community waste-to-energy power plant, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province and relevant agencies should implement the following recommendations: 1) For individual factors, public relations and news releases should be increased by providing more opportunities for public participation to make people feel a sense of ownership or involvement in the process. This will enable them to understand the operational processes and performance of the power plant better. As people have confidence in the community waste-to-energy power plant and have basic knowledge and understanding, they will be more likely to accept the power plant. 2) For social factors, communication and education for community leaders should be prioritized. News releases about the power plant should be followed up with these leaders, as they are essential intermediaries between the public and government agencies. 3) For impact factors, the operations, maintenance, and environmental and other impacts of the power plant should be regularly reported. This information should be shared with the public every 6 months or every year to build confidence that the community waste-to-energy power plant will not have negative effects on the community’s economy, environment, health, and well-being.
The management development of the elderly quality of life development and career promotion centers
Ratchaphon Amsuk; Tippawan Lorsuwannarat (National Institute of Development Administration, 2023)
The objectives of the study on "Management of the Elderly Quality of Life Development and Career Promotion Centers" were (1) to investigate the management and operations of the Elderly Quality of Life Development and Career Promotion Centers, (2) to examine the participation of the public sector and other sectors in the management and operations of the Elderly Quality of Life Development and Career Promotion Centers, (3) to study factors affecting success in the management and operations of the Elderly Quality of Life Development and Career Promotion Centers, and (4) to propose the management development of the Elderly Quality of Life Development and Career Promotion Centers. In this study, qualitative research was applied. The study was conducted in Chiang Mai and Nakhon Ratchasima provinces with 4 groups of key informants: Provincial Offices of Social Development and Human Security, Presidents of Subdistrict Administrative Organizations or Mayors, Presidents of the Elderly Quality of Life Development and Career Promotion Centers and committees or members of the Elderly Quality of Life Development and Career Promotion Centers, totaling 30 people as key informants. The findings revealed that all Elderly Quality of Life Development and Career Promotion Centers were mainly supported by Local Administrative Organizations in establishing and driving the centers' operations along with committees that have been selected by different methods. Resource acquisition in each center varied. Some were supported by LAOs while others were supported through various projects or contests. Regarding participation in the operation or management of the EQCCs, the participating public sectors included Provincial Offices of Social Development and Human Security, Local Administrative Organizations, the National Health Security Office, the people sector, and other agencies, but the participation from the private sector was not obvious. The factors affecting the success of management and operation of the EQCCs consisted of LAOs, leaders, acceptance, budget, policy, and participation of members of LAOs while the Provincial Offices of Social Development and Human Security affected the success of the EQCCs the least.
The effects of ICT/E-Government on migrant workers' remittance inflows in Bangladesh : an empirical study
Ahmed, Ziauddin; Anchana Na Ranong (National Institute of Development Administration, 2022)
Migrant workers’ remittance is one of the most important sources of foreign currency and it promotes economic growth and addresses the unemployment issues of developing countries like Bangladesh. This research has explored and examined the effects of the use of ICT/e-Government measures along with some other significant socioeconomic and political factors on remittance inflows. So far, the effects of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and e-Government measures on remittance inflows have not been explored adequately in the case of Bangladesh. The literature review reports that there are direct and indirect effects of the use of ICT/e-Government along with the unemployment rate, the inflation rate, institutional quality, the number of recruiting agencies, the number of banks and financial institutions, financial inclusion and financial development, remittance transaction cost, cash incentives and the use of formal channels, as well as the currency exchange rate. On the other hand, the ICT-driven recruitment process and recruitment cost, along with the National ICT Policy and Overseas Employment Policy may also play roles in remittance inflows. The effects of ICT/e-Government measures along with other factors have been examined using a mixed methods (MM) approach. A survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire with a sampling unit organizations and having sample size of 369; sample size was determined using Yamane’s formula and the stratified sampling technique was adopted. After data examination, a total of 336 valid samples were used for SEM analysis. AMOS software was employed for the quantitative analysis of the survey data. Moreover, secondary data from the World Bank and other institutions were collected for regression analyses through the use of model equations and using SPSS. A total of 12 persons involved in 12 different organizations were interviewed to collect qualitative data for the thematic analysis; the analysis was conducted using NVIVO. After testing the hypotheses, validity, and reliability, and after triangulation of quantitative and qualitative findings, it has been found that the use of ICT/e-Government measures along with some other factors has a significant positive effect on the remittance inflows of Bangladesh. Nonetheless, the effects of the number of recruiting agencies, remittance transaction cost, the recruitment process and recruitment cost on the remittance inflows have not matched with the research hypotheses. This research concludes with a set of recommendations suggesting policy initiatives to reduce remittance transaction cost and recruitment cost by using ICT/e-Government measures effectively, by skill development measures and through bilateral agreements; these initiatives would help to increase remittance inflows.
The analysis of collaboration in educational quality assurance policy : a case study of Walailak University
Nantida Jansiri; Pairote Pathranarakul (National Institute of Development Administration, 2022)
Collaboration is a contemporary management concept that is considered essential for achieving development policy outcomes. However, research on collaboration and quality assurance policies in higher education in Thailand has been challenging. The aim of this study was to investigate how collaboration contributes to the successful implementation of the educational quality assurance policy at Walailak University.To address this research question, a mixed-method approach was used which combined qualitative and quantitative research methods. This approach was chosen to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the subject and was based on the collaborative governance theory and resource-based framework. In-depth interviews were conducted with 13 key informants who are important actors in the quality assurance process at the university. These interviews were supplemented by a questionnaire survey of 400 respondents from various stakeholders at the university. The findings of this study showed that facilitative leadership, negotiation, trust-building, effort and commitment, and resource-knowledge sharing are among the key determinants contributing to successful collaboration in educational quality assurance. The results also indicated that these factors are interrelated and can contribute to the successful implementation of the university's quality assurance policy. Based on these findings, a model of collaboration in enhancing quality assurance outcomes was proposed and discussed.
Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) and its determinant factors in the Thai non-profit sector
Pruksa Singhapol; Chindalak Vadhanasindhu (National Institute of Development Administration, 2022)
The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which strategic human resource management (SHRM) has been implemented in Thai non-profit organizations (NPOs) and therefore investigate the determinants influencing the application of SHRM in the sector. The study draws hypotheses by employing the factors from institutional and organizational levels to investigate the pivotal personnel management approach, namely strategic human resource management in the Thai non-profit sector. Besides, the study targets organization as a unit of analysis and investigation while administering the sampling methods to ensure that the study result is statistically representative. The research methodology is a mix of qualitative and quantitative approaches. A survey questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were conducted to obtain adequate information to answer key research questions. Prior to that, a literature review of past research and studies has been thoroughly studied and, therefore, the conceptual framework and hypothesis model derived for analyzing the strategic human resource management (SHRM) practices. Following the proposed variables of this study systematically defined and operationalized, a survey questionnaire was then conducted in the target population. Finally, in-depth interviews were conducted with select organization leaders following the survey questionnaire to enhance understanding of the research findings. Research results suggest that five out of eight determinants exhibited for hypothesis testing have a statistically significant relationship and impact on SHRM applications. These determinants are the dependence on external funds, leaders' competence, organization's culture, organization's size, and use of technology. Additionally, a firm conclusion on factors affecting the application of strategic human resource management in Thai non-profit organizations can be made regarding a government fund with supporting evidence from qualitative results. Both qualitative and qualitative analysis information indicated that funds are vital for non-profit organizations to consider when developing an organization's strategy, goal, and human resource plan. The study reveals that non-profit organizations with higher revenue or funding support tend to implement more comprehensive human resource activities than organizations with less funding support. On the contrary, limited funding support tends to adversely impact personnel management in non-profit organizations. To overcome limitations in applying SHRM, the government should consider improving relevant policy and provide essential funding support to non-profit organizations, especially associations and unregistered organizations. Ultimately, due to limited available information on the population size and unclear definition of non-profit organizations in Thailand, the "non-profit organization" definition was grounded with the Social Welfare Promotion Act, BE 2546, which determines the population size of this study. Nonetheless, this might be slightly discrepant from the actual population size of non-profit organizations this study attempts to investigate. Therefore, future studies on relevant topics should acquire more updated and accurate information of the population size, resulting in enhancing the explanatory power of research to pursue predictive power and generalization.
Analysis of appropriate stakeholder model and critical success factors (CSFs) of public-private partnership (PPP) investment program: empirical evidence of infrastructure development in Thailand
Supachai Rakpanitmanee; Pairote Pathranarakul (National Institute of Development Administration, 2022)
This dissertation aims to review the concepts and theories relating to PPP interventions, exploring PPP practices at both international and country (Thailand) levels as well as identifying their strengths and limitations. The targeted findings will focus on the strategic stakeholder institutional, policy and operational regulating frameworks with their critical success factors (CSFs) for PPP implementation in Thailand. Public end users’ participation as well as sustainable development goals (SDGs) and specific stakeholders’ success criteria (SC) will also be taken into account in the explored stakeholder model. The researcher utilized the sequential mixed method research, using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The qualitative method was firstly applied to validate the proposed hypotheses derived from literature review stage, and the quantitative method was subsequently applied to confirm the reliability of research findings. Based on literature review, qualitative analysis involving executive interviews, and quantitative analysis involving survey of operational staffs, the research findings recommend a new Public-Private-People Partnership (PPPP) strategic stakeholder institutional model-along with its success goal, success criteria, and critical success factors-to be both policy and operation regulating frameworks that reinforce the merit of PPP practice, in Thailand and beyond. The results of the in-depth face to face interviews with 22 executives from PPP executing agencies confirmed that the people sector is one of key stakeholders to create more PPP success. The explored Public-Private-People Partnership (PPPP) model was proposed to be the strategic stakeholder institutional model. The success criteria (SC) of PPP for each particular sector are mostly accepted as follows: Good public welfare delivery for public owner as contracting agency, rational/reasonable business profitability for private investor, and good quality of life for the public end-user groups. This research concluded that the highest concern of the public sector is good governance, followed by managerial system, legal framework, finance, and politics, respectively. The highest concern of the private sector is also good governance, followed by managerial system, finance, and business policy. And the highest concern of the people sector is project configurations, followed by legal framework, and good governance. Six critical success factors (CSFs) which include politics, legal framework, finance, project configurations, managerial system, and good governance are the key attributes of the explored model. The seventy (70) sub-critical success factors (SCSFs) of the public (29), private (25), and people (16) sectors have been identified and proposed to be policy regulating framework of PPP intervention. The quantitative research, which involved 65 respondents of surveyed questionnaires from 15 agencies, confirms that public or people participation in every stage of PPP procedure is highly essential-with the preferred participation channels involving by academic or professional agency. Lastly, 41 sub-critical success factors (SCSFs) of the public (17), private (13), and people (11) sectors are confirmed and proposed to be the operation regulating framework for PPP intervention. In conclusion, this research recommends that the reform of PPP mechanism in Thailand should be considered and pursued as such actions would likely lead to more sustainable benefits derived from large-scale public physical infrastructure development. The PPPP strategic stakeholder institutional model and its critical success factors discussed in this research could serve to help guide this pursuit. In addition, more research regarding both policy and operation in practice and academic evolution of the proposed PPPP strategic stakeholder institutional model are strongly recommended. And these key research topics should likely include the risk management, performance monitoring, and evaluation system as well as mutual partnership between government and private investors that would result in fair risk allocation, and strengthened PPP knowledge sharing system among all involved parties. Ultimately, the author hopes that the appropriate executions of this PPPP model and guided by the proposed PPPP strategic institutional, policy and operation regulating frameworks would continue to progressively evolve the outcome of sustainable public infrastructure development projects and affectively contribute to the better well-being of people who are end-users and/or impacted groups.
The determinants of tax revenue and its redistributive effects on inequality and human development
Angkana Asawasakulkrai; Ponlapat Buracom (National Institute of Development Administration, 2022)
Taxation is a contentious public policy issue. Whether theoretical or pragmatic senses, tax policy is universally deemed one of the most significant fiscal strategies. While it is mostly viewed as a means for governments to raise revenue, it has much more nuances than just that. In recent decades, due to the ever-widening wealth and income gaps around the world, tax policy has been intensely discussed, debated, and recognized as both the problem causing inequality and the solution to reducing inequality. Taxation as a problem stems from the increasing income and wealth gaps believed to be the direct consequences of ineffective tax policy, tax evasion, and tax avoidance mostly by the world’s top earners. Taxation as a solution emerges as a government action that must be undertaken to repair the damage and restore the social justice. This study aims at investigating the factors claimed to contribute to tax collectability and its redistributive effects. With these two-dimensional purposes, the study is designed as a cross-country quantitative study divided into two stages, using dynamic panel data from 2009-2018 with the target population of 75 countries. The first stage examines the possible cause and effect between three groups of explanatory variables and three outcome variables. The three groups of explanatory variables include institutional, globalization, and socio-economic factors which are based on theoretical significance and past literature. The three outcome variables are individually examined as three dependent variables: overall tax revenue, personal income tax revenue or direct tax, and consumption tax revenue or indirect tax. Furthermore, to understand how taxation contributes to the inequality problem, the second stage investigates the real magnitude of redistributive effects of tax revenues on the quality of life, which is measured by the reduction of income inequality and human development. Gini coefficients of income inequality index and human capital index are proxy variables representing the quality of life. Tax revenue is, in the second stage, transformed into explanatory variables consisting of overall tax revenue, personal income tax revenue, and consumption tax revenue. Tax revenues are designed to be the key component connecting the three groups of explanatory variables in the first stage and the final redistributive impacts on quality of life. The three groups of explanatory variables are also examined directly with income inequality and human capital index in order to identify whether they have direct relationships, or the redistributive impacts only occur through tax revenues. The overall examination of data demonstrates that while the dataset displays large gaps in tax revenues between high- and low-income countries, the institutional characteristics and economic trends of the data have not varied much over the duration of the study. In addition, for all income groups, Gini coefficients and human capital index have remained relatively static during the 10-year period, which is not an encouraging outlook. Although taxation is found to be a major source of income for most countries in the world, it is specifically intriguing that the majority of countries in the study rely more heavily on consumption tax than income tax with the highest consumption tax revenue found among the lower- and upper-middle income countries. While this unbalanced reliance can be seen as a natural economic response to the expanding economy and higher level of consumption, there are institutional concerns supported by the study’s results including partisan politics, corruption, and international trade. When this reliance on consumption tax is investigated with respect to income inequality and human capital development, the results clearly show that the higher rate of consumption tax revenue is an impediment to the government policies or efforts to reduce income inequality and increase human capital development. The findings reveal that the institutional factors have critical roles in tax collectability at varying degrees. The level of democracy is found to be a significant determinant for the collection of both income and consumption tax revenues, supporting the theory of political economy, public choice, and voting paradox. The eventual policy decisions are a reflection of public choice, which is to increase tax revenues for redistributive purposes. The incidence of corruption is however found to have a contradictory effect on tax revenues, which could most likely be explained by corruption itself and the fiscal illusion used by the governments. The higher the incidence of corruption, the higher the level of tax revenue a country needs to fuel the corrupted operations and malpractices. The government would thus seek to raise its revenue mainly through income and consumption taxation. Higher tax rates and higher tax revenues may instead be the intended consequences of tax policies designed and implemented to benefit only a handful groups of elites and politicians. The globalization phenomenon has by far the most astounding impact on the results in this study. The effects created by globalization-related events on both personal income and consumption-based taxes provide an important piece of evidence that the utilization of different functions of tax principles and tax policies is indeed a powerful fiscal tool in the planning and managing of public spending and fiscal policy. The significant impacts foreign trade and free movement of capital have on the overall tax revenue suggest that the more open the economy is, the higher the amount of tax revenue available for public spending, which directly contradicts the theory of compensation and welfare. While globalization today may produce a different set of challenges, it is assumable that countries may have learned how to better handle and manage the ins and outs of the dislocation effects created by the globalized economy. The governments may also have provided more effective policy responses to the globalization effects such as import quota or restrictions that are helpful to domestic producers and employment-related policies providing more stability and security for domestic workers. However, the negative effects globalization has on consumption tax revenue insinuate that globalization does create a chain of events that eventually results in the changes in domestic consumption patterns. The socio-economic factors may not be as much impactful as they are originally and theoretically believed to be in terms of economic growth and directions of fiscal policy. The macroeconomic characteristics conventionally used as determinants for government spending and level of tax revenue no longer carry the predictive power in this new global environment in which geopolitics and internationally integrated economy have become key players. As evidenced by the results from the two previous groups of explanatory variables, the other forces including tax structure, tax policy, tax collectability, quality of domestic institutions, and foreign trade policy appear to play a much larger hand in determining the level of tax revenue and tax collectability than the good old-fashioned macroeconomic or socio-economic indicators. Through taxation, the study also investigates income inequality and human capital development and finds that tax revenues do not produce the outcomes that they are traditionally intended to. Tax revenue is found to have no relationship with the level of income inequality, suggesting that the higher level of tax revenue does not translate into the higher level of well-being of taxpayers. In fact, the reliance on personal income tax appears to lead to higher income inequality despite its progressive structure. The similar results are found with human capital development for which the findings reveal the adverse relationships with tax revenues. A progressive tax system would leave income earners, particularly those of middle- and low-income groups, worse off than before and reduce the accumulation of capital that can be used for human capital development. Several unintended outcomes of the personal income taxation include higher tax rates causing lower disposable income, market and price inflations, and tax avoidance by the well-off. The utilization of consumption-based taxation does not bode well either. Based on the theory of tax incidence, consumption-based taxes do indeed burden low-income individuals and households, resulting in higher inequality and lower human development. All these lead to the phenomenon of shrinking middle class in many countries. As such, tax progressivity might not be the ideal solution to closing the income gaps and achieving wealth redistribution after all. The initial comparative data inform that income inequality and human capital index tend to correspond with the higher level of consumption tax revenues in the majority of countries around the world but have no clear patterns with tax revenue and income tax revenue. To corroborate this result, two comparative statistical models between the top 25 high-tax revenue countries and bottom 25 low-tax revenue countries are performed for an in-dept analysis. The results corroborate the conclusion under which tax revenue, regardless of types, does not seem to have played a role in reducing inequality or improving human development. The only exception is consumption tax revenue, which is found to negatively impact human capital index, proving that consumption-based taxes do have an adverse effect on human capital development. The findings reveal such irony that even when the level of collected tax revenue is high, the quality of life does not progress correspondingly. The most probable explanation that may be offered is that tax revenue, whether income or consumption-based, is being improperly used or misdirected. Even when tax revenue is being put into good use, it may also be possible that other variables may obstruct or obscure the real outcomes of the government’s redistributive programs. Based on the study’s findings, it seems appropriate to conclude that the redistributive power and the future of fiscal policy are rather doubtful. In addition to the progressive system of personal income taxation having turned out to be the fiscal weapon destroying the middle- and lower-income classes, the government’s main reliance on consumption-based taxation rubs salt into the wound. The higher level of tax revenue does not mean the tax money being channeled for redistributive purposes. As such, tax policy may no longer be an exclusive tool specifically designed to reallocate resources or redistribute wealth. It may only be a means for the government to generate revenue streams to fund the traditional mundane government tasks, or worse a source for corruption or questionable government activities. The analysis herein demonstrates that incidence of corruption, misused and misdirected public budgets, free trade policies, personal income tax progressivity, and strong reliance on consumption-based taxation together have undesirable and unintended outcomes that have exacerbated wealth gaps and income inequality in the past half century.
Collaborative governance in corporate social responsibility : cases of Thai Cement Manufacturers Association and Community Partnership Association
Panuwat Khumsai; Tippawan Lorsuwannarat (National Institute of Development Administration, 2022)
Collaborative governance (CG) is within the organization, community, and between organizations. The principles for understanding these collaborations have limitations when explaining the phenomena in society. The collaboration arises from stakeholders in all dimensions and is collaborative between business competitors, with trust between communities and businesses and support from government agencies. This research aims to 1) study the CG process of networking in implementing CSR project case studies highlighting the Thai Cement Manufacturers Association (TCMA) and the Community Partnership Association (CPA), 2) study the success and failure factors of the CG process between networking in implementing a CSR projects case study of the TCMA and CPA, and 3) develop a model of the CG process of networking in implementing the CSR projects case study of the TCMA and CPA. The research is based on a qualitative research method, the researcher chose this case study method as a tool in CG between network partners and the CSR process from the case study of the “cement partnership project under TCMA” in the Cement Industry, Kaeng Khoi District, Saraburi Province, and the “CSR Project under the CPA” in Map Ta Phut Industrial Area, Rayong Province. Under 4 projects, key informants include 1) government organizations (in education), 2) the private sector (TCMA & CPA), and 3) the community sector (civil society), utilizing selected respondents with purposive sampling. Data collection uses participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussion—data analysis using a content analysis method. The findings found that the CG in the CSR process, a case study of the TCMA and CPA, consists of 4 phases: the initial collaboration; collaboration building; the collaboration performance extension, and the collaborative approach toward sustainability. We also discovered mechanisms to support collaborative governance in CSR that are 4 important mechanisms in driving the association's main policy, mission and commitment when implementing projects, project monitoring and evaluations. The success and failure factors in CG are based on 4 case studies. At least 5 supporting factors contributing to successful implementation of the CSR project were: the leadership's policy and vision; cooperation or participation within the organization; integrating activities while teaching and learning proper management system design; and communication and coordination. On the other hand, at least 4 factors resulted in project failures or halts from the case study, namely: leadership changes, lack of continuity of the project, lack of integration, and a lack of monitoring and evaluation. The important conditions for project implementation and collaborative governance from case studies “policies and visions of leaders or executives” affect the implementation of CSR projects in both success and failure dimensions. It is also linked to TCMA & CPA leaders' policies and visions.
The influence of institutional and political system factors on the changes in educational public expenditure and the benefit incidence analysis in Thailiand (1998-2019)
Phichitchai Kingphuang; Ponlapat Buracom (National Institute of Development Administration, 2022)
This study compares the impact of institutional and political system factors on the adjustment of public education expenditure in Thailand to that of socioeconomic factors. It also investigates the benefit distribution of public education expenditure and the impact of public expenditures on access to education from 1998 to 2019. The study found that bureaucratic decision-making could cause incremental changes in public education spending. The changes were based on the preceding year's public education expenditure, population change, economic growth, and inequality of income distribution, all of which were socio-economic environmental factors that were gradually altered and difficult for the state to control. As a result, the allocation of public expenditure on education altered slightly from the previous year. Changes in education spending were also affected by institutional and political system factors, which are internal factors; for example, government efficiency, political stability, and civil liberties. However, due to the country's high level of inequality, a significant shift in education expenditure requires changes in other factors. For instance, by taking advantage of trade openness to collect revenue for expanding public services, and ensuring that the operation of government agencies is efficient and the budget is used effectively and efficiently. Yet, an increase in public expenditure on education alone cannot guarantee whether such public expenditures are evenly distributed to households across income classes and regions. The study shows that although public education expenditure has increased the income ratio after accounting for education spending in low-income families and households in other provinces or in different regions, the increase was very slight. The income ratios after benefiting from public education expenditure between high-income and low-income households and between households in Bangkok and households in other regions were reduced, but the gap reduction was not significant. This result demonstrates that education spending cannot, as expected, solve inequality. Furthermore, from 2015 onwards, the allocation of education expenditures has widened the gap in income after accounting for education expenditures between households in Bangkok and those in other regions. Particularly, public expenditure on tertiary education was found to have a clear disparity between high- and low-income classes and between households in Bangkok and those in other regional households. In addition, the COVID-19 epidemic has further increased educational inequality, aligning with the result of the study, which found that government efficiency, political stability, and civil liberties have an impact on public education expenditure. Furthermore, the unequal benefit incidence of education expenditure may have an impact on educational access. In other words, an allocation of education expenditure that is pro-rich or benefits households in Bangkok more than those in other regions has lowered the average years of schooling and literacy rate. Therefore, if the budget allocation is unequal or the benefits cannot be properly distributed to poor households and households in other regions, poor and rural people will not be able to access education, especially in the case of tertiary education. Thus, increasing public education expenditure alone cannot ensure an increase in quality of education and educational opportunities because it also depends on the form of government budget allocation and whether it is distributed fairly to different groups of people. Therefore, the policy recommendations are as follows: 1) political restructuring and the use of participatory budgeting; 2) emphasizing assistance in the form of targeted systems by improving universal coverage services; 3) rational budgeting and increasing the efficiency of the public sector; 4) formulating education policies that focus on improving the quality of education and schools in rural areas; 5) refining the public expenditure allocation system for tertiary education; and 6) focusing on education and technology development.

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